00:02 - >>MY NAME IS JACOB MILLER, I'M

00:04 - THE CURATOR FOR THE HISTORICAL

00:06 - AND GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF

00:07 - SOMERSET COUNTY AND WE'RE HERE

00:09 - AT THE PERMANENT EXHIBIT AT THE

00:11 - SOMERSET HISTORICAL CENTER

00:13 - CALLED PATTERNS ON THE LAND.

00:17 - IN OUR EXHIBIT. WE TALK ABOUT

00:19 - THE HISTORY OF THE RURAL AREA

00:21 - OF

00:21 - SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.

00:23 - AND THAT INCLUDES A LARGE

00:26 - FARMING HISTORY. THE FIRST

00:28 - FARMERS IN OUR AREA WHERE THE

00:29 - MONONGAHELA PEOPLE. HE LIVED

00:32 - HERE UNTIL ABOUT 1625.

00:35 - WHEN THEY LEFT THE AREA WE

00:37 - DON'T KNOW WHY WE DON'T KNOW

00:38 - WHAT HAPPENED. BUT WE'RE ONLY

00:40 - LEFT WITH THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

00:42 - EVIDENCE THEY LIVED AND FARMED

00:44 - IN THIS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN

00:46 - PENNSYLVANIA. WHAT YOU

00:48 - SEE HERE. IT IS A REPRODUCTION.

00:51 - WE'RE MODEL OF WHAT

00:53 - WE BELIEVE THEIR HOUSES LOOK

00:55 - LIKE THE MONONGAHELA

00:57 - LIVED IN ROUND BAR COVERED

00:59 - HOUSES MADE OF BENT SAPLINGS.

01:02 - THIS SCALE MODEL IS BASED ON

01:04 - ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THAT WE

01:07 - FOUND IN A SITE IN SOMERSET

01:10 - COUNTY CALLED THE NAVY SITE

01:12 - THAT WAS EXCAVATED IN THE EARLY

01:14 - 1970'S.

01:16 - THESE HOUSES WERE CONSTRUCTED

01:18 - USING LOCALLY SOURCED.

01:20 - WOODEN SAPLINGS THAT WERE BENT

01:22 - TO FORM

01:22 - A DOME WHICH WAS THEN COVERED

01:24 - OVER BY BARK STRIPPED OFF OF

01:26 - TREES FROM

01:27 - THE AREA. THESE HOUSES INCLUDED

01:29 - LIVING QUARTERS, SLEEPING

01:30 - QUARTERS. AND ALSO STORAGE FOR

01:32 - THEIR FOOD AND THINGS THAT THEY

01:34 - GREW AND FORAGE FOR TO CARRY

01:37 - THEM THROUGH THE WINTER MONTHS.

01:40 - BECAUSE THERE IS NO DOCUMENTED

01:41 - CONTACT WITH THE MONONGAHELA

01:43 - PEOPLE WHAT WE KNOW ALL ABOUT

01:46 - THEIR LIFE IS BASED OFF OF

01:48 - ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THAT

01:50 - WE'VE RECOVERED FROM SEVERAL

01:52 - SITES IN SOMERSET COUNTY THINGS

01:55 - LIKE PIECES OF POTTERY SOME

01:58 - STONE TOOLS AND BITS OF CHARRED

02:01 - SEEDS AND CORN THAT WERE

02:03 - RECOVERED FROM THEIR FIRE PITS

02:05 - WHERE THEY WERE COOKING.

02:08 - FOLLOWING THE TREATY OF FORT

02:10 - STANWIX AND 1768.

02:12 - THIS AREA OF WESTERN

02:14 - PENNSYLVANIA IN SOMERSET COUNTY

02:16 - WAS OPEN TO SETTLEMENT FROM

02:19 - THE EAST TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS.

02:21 - THIS PROVIDED AN OPPORTUNITY

02:23 - FOR FAMILIES TO A

02:25 - CAR FARMLAND AND MAKE

02:27 - HOMESTEADS IN THIS AREA OF

02:29 - PENNSYLVANIA. SETTLERS WERE

02:31 - TRAVELING ON CRUDE

02:33 - FOOT PATHS CARRYING MOST OF

02:35 - THEIR POSSESSIONS ON THEIR

02:37 - BACKS OR ON THE PACK HORSES ARE

02:38 - PACK ANIMALS LIKE OXEN

02:40 - AND THEY WERE COMING HERE TOO

02:42 - SET FARMLAND IN THE VAST

02:44 - ENDLESS FORESTS OF WESTERN

02:46 - PENNSYLVANIA.

02:49 - WHEN THE SETTLERS FIRST ARRIVED

02:51 - HERE WHAT ARE THEIR

02:52 - FIRST TASKS WAS TO START

02:54 - CLEARING THE LAND AND TO PUT

02:56 - OUT SOME SORT OF SHELTER OR

02:58 - STRUCTURE FOR THEMSELVES,

02:59 - OFTENTIMES THIS WAS A LOG

03:01 - CABIN. YOU CAN SEE AN EXAMPLE

03:03 - HERE OF THE CONSTRUCTION STYLE

03:05 - USING SMALLER TIMBERS AND WATCH

03:08 - THEY WOULD BE WRECKED SMALL

03:10 - SQUARE OR RECTANGLE CABINS.

03:12 - THESE WERE CRUDE SHELTERS.

03:14 - THEY WERE VERY VERY EARTHEN

03:16 - FLOOR AND LIMITED LIGHT INSIDE.

03:19 - SO EVENTUALLY THEY WOULD THEIR

03:21 - GOAL WAS TO PUT A MORE

03:23 - PERMANENT STRUCTURE. LIKE THE

03:25 - LOG HOUSE. THIS IS USING

03:27 - SQUARED OFF YOU TIMBERS WITH

03:30 - A MORE 30 THE NOTCH JOINING

03:33 - SYSTEM AT THE CORNERS.

03:36 - AS THEY CLEARED THE LAND.

03:38 - FARMERS BEGAN PLANTING CROPS

03:40 - SUCH AS BUCKWHEAT

03:42 - OATS AND PRAISING HAY TO FEED

03:44 - THEIR LIVESTOCK AND TO PROVIDE

03:47 - SUBSISTENCE FOR THEMSELVES AND

03:49 - PRODUCTS THAT THEY COULD THEN

03:51 - TRADE FOR OTHER GOODS THAT THEY

03:53 - NEED IT USING HORSE DRAWN OR

03:55 - ANIMAL DRONE EQUIPMENT LIKE

03:57 - THE PLOW. THEY TILL THE LAND

03:59 - AND WERE ABLE TO PLANT THE

04:01 - CROPS THAT THEY NEED IT.

04:04 - BEFORE FACTORY-MADE CLOTH

04:06 - WAS AVAILABLE. FARMERS IN THE

04:08 - NORTHERN REGIONS OF THE UNITED

04:11 - STATES. COMMONLY RAISED SHEEP

04:14 - AND GREW FLEXED CLOSE

04:15 - THEIR FAMILIES ONCE THE FLEX

04:18 - WAS HARVESTED. THEY WOULD

04:20 - REMOVE THE SEEDS. LET IT LAY IN

04:23 - THE WET FIELD

04:24 - TO BRETT AND THEN DRY IT AND

04:26 - BREAK IT. THIS OBJECT IS KNOWN

04:29 - AS THE FLEX BREAK AND

04:30 - THIS ALLOWED THEM TO BREAK UP

04:32 - THE OUTER HARD HOUSE OF THE

04:34 - FLEX PLANT TO GET TO THE FIND

04:37 - IN OR FIBERS THAT WOULD

04:39 - MAKE UP THE LEAD AND THREAD AND

04:42 - CLAW.

04:44 - ONCE THE FLEX WAS BROKEN.

04:48 - FIBERS WERE PUT THROUGH

04:49 - A HECKLE WHICH COMB THE FIBERS

04:52 - AND ALIGN

04:53 - THEM TOGETHER. THE LONGER

04:54 - FIBERS WERE KEPT TO MAKE THEIR

04:56 - FINE MATERIAL. AND

04:59 - THEY WERE THE FIBERS WERE SPUN

05:01 - INTO THREAD USING A FLAX WHEEL

05:04 - OR SPINNING WHEEL.

05:06 - IT WAS THEN WOUND ON TO A YARN

05:08 - WONDER WHICH ALLOWED THEM TO

05:10 - MEASURE OUT SPECIFIC LINKS AND

05:13 - THREAD AS THE YARD WINDER GOES

05:15 - AROUND A CLICK WOULD DESIGNATE

05:18 - SO MANY FEET THAT HAD BEEN

05:20 - WOUND ON TO THE YARD, ONE.

05:23 - THIS GERMAN

05:24 - STYLE WOMB, IT WAS BUILT

05:26 - SOMETIME AROUND 1777 TO BE ABLE

05:29 - TO COMPLETE THE TASK OF WEAVING

05:31 - FLAX AND WALL INTO CLAW.

05:36 - IN THE EARLY 1800'S

05:37 - MANUFACTURERS BEGAN TO REPLACE

05:40 - WOODEN PLOWS AND TOOLS WITH

05:42 - IRON TOOLS THAT

05:44 - LASTED LONGER. A MASS

05:46 - PRODUCTION ALLOWED THOSE TOOLS

05:48 - TO BE MADE AVAILABLE. CHEAPER

05:51 - TO FARMERS. THESE NEW

05:53 - TOOLS ALLOWED FARMERS TO

05:54 - PRODUCE MORE FOOD

05:56 - EFFICIENTLY FOR THE GROWING

05:58 - NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO NO LONGER

06:00 - FARM FOR THEMSELVES, LIKE

06:01 - TOWNSPEOPLE TRADERS MINERS AND

06:04 - FACTORY WORKER.

06:08 - WHAT YOU'RE

06:09 - LOOKING AT IT IS A FITTING

06:11 - MAIL. THIS WAS PRODUCED BY THE

06:13 - KURDS CRUISER THE COMPANY IN

06:15 - SOMERSET COUNTY. AND IT WAS A

06:18 - TOOL TO SEPARATE THE

06:21 - GREEN FROM THE CHAFF AND OTHER

06:24 - PARTICLES THAT YOU DIDN'T WANT

06:25 - IT OPERATED BY TURNING THE HAND

06:27 - CRANK ON THE LEFT SIDE AND

06:30 - POURING THE FROM THE TOP THE

06:33 - FAN INSIDE TURNED BY THE HAND

06:35 - CRANK WOULD BLOW THE LATER

06:37 - STRAW AND CHAFF OUT OF THE END

06:40 - OF THE FAN MAIL. THE HEAVIER

06:42 - GREENWOOD FALL TO THE BOTTOM

06:44 - AND WOULD BE COLLECTED.

06:47 - 19TH CENTURY BROUGHT ABOUT

06:49 - ENORMOUS ADVANCES IN FARM

06:51 - EQUIPMENT THINGS LIKE THIS

06:53 - THRESHING MACHINE AND STEAM

06:55 - ENGINE MADE BY THE FRICK

06:56 - COMPANY IN WAYNESBORO

06:58 - PENNSYLVANIA. THESE MACHINES

07:00 - WERE EXPENSIVE AND REQUIRED A

07:03 - LOT OF LABOR TO BE ABLE TO KEEP

07:05 - UP WITH THEM.

07:06 - SO MANY FARMERS IN THIS AREA

07:08 - WOULD POOL THEIR RESOURCES AND

07:10 - USE THIS EQUIPMENT ON

07:11 - MANY FARMS. THROUGHOUT THE

07:14 - AREA. TOO QUICKLY

07:15 - PROCESS H FARMER'S CROP FOR

07:18 - THAT YEAR.

07:22 - SOMERSET COUNTY IS LEADING

07:23 - MAPLE PRODUCING COUNTY IN THE

07:25 - STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. TO MAKE

07:28 - MAPLE PRODUCTS. YOU NEED TO TAP

07:30 - A MAPLE TREE BY DRILLING A HOLE

07:33 - INTO IT AND LETTING THE SAP OF

07:35 - THE TREE COME OUT

07:37 - TO COLLECT THE SAP MAPLE

07:38 - PRODUCERS WOULDN'T KILLERS OR

07:41 - METAL KEILLOR'S OR SAP BUCKETS

07:43 - ON THE TREE TO COLLECT

07:45 - THE SET. I ONCE THAT KILLER IS

07:47 - FOR USUALLY ABOUT ONCE A DAY

07:50 - DURING MAPLE SEASON. THE

07:51 - KILLER'S EMPTIED WING TANK

07:54 - AND TAKEN BACK TO A BUILDING

07:55 - CALLED THE SUGAR CAN. THIS IS

07:58 - WHERE THEY BOIL THE SAT TO

08:00 - EVAPORATE THE WATER AND

08:02 - CONCENTRATED INTO MAPLE SUGAR.

08:04 - IT TAKES ABOUT 40 TO 50 GALLONS

08:06 - OF SAP TO MAKE ONE GALLON OF

08:09 - MAPLE SYRUP.

08:10 - SOME EARLY PRODUCERS WOULD

08:12 - FURTHER PROCESS THAT SYRUP INTO

08:13 - CHROME SUGAR. THIS INVOLVES

08:15 - BOILING THE SYRUP TOLL REACHES

08:17 - ABOUT 245 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

08:20 - AND THEN STIRRING IT IN A

08:21 - WOODEN TROUGH UNTIL IT

08:23 - CRYSTALLIZES INFORMS A POWDER.

08:26 - OFTENTIMES THE

08:27 - MAPLE SYRUP IS STORED AND

08:30 - SHIPPED IN

08:31 - 10 CONTAINERS THAT YOU SEE HERE

08:34 - FROM THE ELLIE FRAZIER CAMP IN

08:36 - CENTRAL CITY SOMERSET COUNTY.

08:40 - BY THE 1940'S SOMERSET COUNTY

08:42 - FARMERS STARTED TO EXCLUSIVELY

08:44 - SPECIALIZE IN DAIRY FARMING.

08:46 - THIS WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY

08:48 - HIGHER DEMAND FOR MILK IN MORE

08:50 - URBAN AREAS

08:51 - AND IT WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE

08:53 - ACCESS TO CHEAP ELECTRICITY,

08:56 - WHICH ALLOWED THEM TO

08:56 - EFFICIENTLY RUN, THEY'RE

08:58 - MILKING MACHINES AND OTHER

08:59 - TOOLS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE MILK

09:02 - AND THE LARGER DAIRY HERDS THAT

09:04 - THEY WOULD KEEP.

09:05 - OUR EXHIBIT FEATURES SEVERAL

09:07 - TOOLS USED IN THE MILKING

09:09 - PROCESS SUCH AS THE MILKING

09:11 - MACHINE, MILK CANS AND PRODUCT

09:14 - CARRIERS AND THE CREAM

09:15 - SEPARATOR.

09:19 - THANK YOU FOR JOINING US ON OUR

09:21 - TOUR OF PATTERNS ON THE LAND

09:23 - OUR EXHIBIT HERE AT THE

09:24 - SOMERSET

09:24 - HISTORICAL CENTER. WE ARE OPEN

09:26 - YEAR ROUND WEDNESDAY THROUGH

09:28 - SATURDAY A

09:29 - 10 TO 4 AND FOR MORE

09:31 - INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT

09:32 - SOMERSET HISTORICAL CENTER DOT

09:34 - ORG AND CHECK US OUT ON OUR

09:36 - SOCIAL MEDIA CHANNELS.