00:28 - >>HELLO, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.

00:29 - AND WELCOME TO BATTLEFIELD

00:30 - PENNSYLVANIA. TODAY WE'RE ON

00:32 - LOCATION AT FORT LEE NEAR IN

00:34 - WESTMORELAND COUNTY.

00:36 - IN 17. 58 GENERAL JOHN FORBES

00:38 - MARCHED IN ARMY OUT OF

00:39 - PHILADELPHIA. HIS TARGET WAS

00:41 - THE FRENCH FORT DUQUESNE.

00:43 - IN SUPPORT OF THIS VENTURE

00:44 - ALONG THE WAY. HE BUILT SEVERAL

00:45 - POSTS, INCLUDING ONE HERE ON

00:47 - THE LOYALHANNA CREEK IN THE

00:49 - YEARS TO COME FORT LIGONIER BE

00:51 - THE TARGET OF FRENCH ATTACK AND

00:53 - INDIAN RATES WILL REMAIN A

00:55 - VITAL PLACE OF SECURITY IN A

00:57 - VERY DANGEROUS WORLD. I'M YOUR

00:59 - HOST BREAK, RIGHT, SIR. JOINING

01:01 - ME TODAY TO DISCUSS FORT

01:02 - DUQUESNE IS ERICA KNUCKLES,

01:04 - DIRECTOR OF HISTORY AND

01:05 - COLLECTIONS AT FORT LEE NEAR

01:07 - AND BRAD MOVIE MASTER

01:09 - RESTORATION DUST. THANK YOU

01:11 - BOTH FOR BEING HERE. LET'S

01:13 - BEGIN BY ASKING WHAT FIRST GOT

01:14 - YOU INVOLVED IN THIS TIME

01:15 - PERIOD.

01:17 - >>WELL, I SORT OF

01:20 - GOT INTO IT AS A VERY LITTLE

01:22 - GIRL I COME FROM A FAMILY OF

01:25 - RE-ENACTORS. AND WHEN I WAS

01:26 - 2 AND A HALF YEARS OLD, I

01:28 - STARTED REENACTING THE FRENCH

01:29 - AND INDIAN WAR OUT OF FORT PITT

01:31 - MUSEUM.

01:32 - >>AND SPENT MY UPBRINGING

01:36 - AT FORTS OVER THE WEEKENDS ALL

01:38 - OVER THE COUNTRY AND EVEN UP IN

01:40 - NOVA SCOTIA. WE WERE AND I

01:42 - STARTED COMING TO FORT LEAGUE

01:43 - IN THE AIR IN 1988. WHEN I WAS

01:45 - 6 YEARS OLD AND I ABSOLUTELY

01:48 - LOVED IT. AND I GOT TO SEE WHAT

01:51 - A DYNAMIC HISTORIC SITE IT WAS

01:54 - BECAUSE IT WAS ALWAYS CHANGING

01:56 - AND EXPANDING. THERE'S ALWAYS

01:57 - SOMETHING NEW GOING ON AT FORT

01:59 - LEE GETTING HERE. SO WHEN IT

02:00 - CAME TO CHOOSING A CAREER

02:03 - >>I

02:04 - >>FIRST GOT AN INTERNSHIP WAS

02:06 - IN COLLEGE AT BUSHY RUN

02:07 - BATTLEFIELD. AND THAT'S WHEN I

02:08 - DECIDED I WANTED TO WORK IN

02:10 - MUSEUMS OR HISTORIC SITES WHERE

02:12 - I'VE GROWN UP. AND I MY DREAM

02:15 - JOB WAS TO WORK AT FORT LEE

02:16 - GETTING AIR AND I'VE REALIZED

02:18 - THAT DREAM. HERE I AM. WHAT?

02:21 - >>WELL, I GREW UP IN RURAL OHIO

02:23 - AND I CAN REMEMBER A TEACHER.

02:26 - SIGNING UP BOOK ABOUT.

02:29 - THE EARLY COLONIZATION IN THE

02:30 - SETTLEMENT OF THAT PART OF

02:31 - OHIO. AND THE STORIES ABOUT THE

02:33 - INDIAN RAIDS AND EVERYTHING

02:35 - WENT ON.

02:37 - SO I BUILT MY FIRST 4 WHEN I

02:38 - WAS 11 YEARS OLD. MAYBE 10 AND

02:41 - I'VE ALWAYS BEEN INTERESTED IN

02:43 - HISTORY FROM THAT FIRST SPARKED

02:44 - THE FIRST TIME WHEN I DECIDE TO

02:47 - THIS IS FASCINATING. SO AND

02:49 - I'VE BEEN DOING IT EVER SINCE.

02:52 - >>NOW WE'RE IN A WONDERFUL

02:53 - MUSEUM TODAY. THERE'S

02:54 - INCREDIBLE RECREATION OF FORT

02:56 - LIGONIER OUTSIDE. WE TALK A

02:57 - LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE RECENT

02:58 - HISTORY OF THIS PLACE. HOW DID

03:00 - THESE COME TO BE?

03:02 - >>THE FIRST PIECES OF LAND THAT

03:05 - WERE PRESERVED OF FORT LEE NEAR

03:07 - WHERE PRESERVED IN 1934.

03:09 - BY A LOCAL DA. OUR CHAPTER.

03:12 - >>OUT OF LA TROBE AND IN 1934

03:16 - THEY PURCHASED 2.60 FOOT.

03:17 - LOTS OF LAND THAT WAS BELIEVED

03:19 - TO HAVE BEEN THE ORIGINAL FORT

03:21 - GROUNDS AND THEY DEDICATED THAT

03:23 - THOSE PLOTS OF LAND WITH A

03:25 - PLAQUE THAT IS NOW OUT FRONT

03:27 - OF OF OUR MUSEUM TODAY AND INTO

03:30 - THE 1940'S IN THE FORT LEE NEAR

03:34 - ASSOCIATION, WHAT IT'S CALLED

03:35 - TODAY WAS FORMED TO EXPAND THE

03:39 - PRESERVATION OF THAT LAND AND

03:41 - AROUND THE SAME TIME, THE

03:43 - RESEARCHERS TO ENGLAND WHO

03:45 - FOUND SOME OF THE WONDERFUL

03:47 - MAPS THAT ARE ON DISPLAY BEHIND

03:48 - US THEY ALSO DID A DIG AN

03:53 - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIG IN 1947.

03:55 - AND THE DAY AND THE MAPS

03:57 - COMBINED GAVE PEOPLE THE IDEA.

03:59 - WELL, MAYBE WE COULD START TO

04:00 - RECONSTRUCT THE FORT AND SO

04:03 - KUNST. THE FIRST PHASE OF

04:05 - CONSTRUCTION WENT ON FROM 1949.

04:07 - TO 1969. DURING THAT TIME,

04:09 - THERE ARE MAJOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL

04:11 - DIGS THAT HELP TO REALLY

04:12 - PINPOINT SOME OF THE AREAS OF

04:14 - THE SO THAT THE RECONSTRUCTION

04:17 - COULD BE ON THE THE ORIGINAL

04:19 - FOOTPRINT OF THE FORT AND THE

04:21 - MUSEUM FIRST OPENED IN 1962.

04:25 - AND BRAD WAS INVOLVED IN.

04:29 - BUT IN FROM THE FROM THE MID

04:32 - MID SAME TIME A ONE THAT WAS

04:37 - MUCH OLDER

04:40 - >>WHEN I STARTED HERE, WE

04:42 - STARTED TO DO

04:44 - UPGRADING AND SOME RESTORATION

04:46 - OF THE STRUCTURES THAT WERE

04:47 - HERE. AND AT THE SAME TIME WE

04:49 - LOOK FORWARD AND STARTED TO

04:51 - PLAN.

04:52 - A PROJECT THAT WOULD DOUBLE THE

04:54 - SIZE OF THE FORT AND TO LOOK AT

04:56 - THE SURVEYS THAT WERE DONE IN

04:58 - 17. 58 IN GOAL AND DREAM AND

05:00 - SAY WOULDN'T IT BE GREAT IF WE

05:01 - CAN BUILD THIS AND BUILD THAT?

05:04 - SAT TOGETHER WITH THE PEOPLE?

05:06 - DID THE PLANNING RAISE THE

05:08 - MONEY AND ACTUALLY IN 1996, WE

05:10 - STARTED THE PROJECT CALLED

05:12 - COMPLETING THE FORT WHERE WE

05:14 - STARTED TO BUILD THE OTTER

05:16 - RETRENCHMENT. THE FASTING CAN

05:17 - AND BATTERIES OFFICERS QUARTERS

05:19 - HOSPITAL BUILDINGS, SMOKEHOUSE.

05:24 - AND WE HAD ALL THOSE STRUCTURES

05:25 - AND THEN WE DECIDED WE NEEDED

05:26 - FURNITURE OUTSIDE. SO WE

05:28 - STARTED BUILDING CANNONS AND

05:29 - MORTARS AND HOWITZERS AND CARTS

05:31 - AND WAGONS.

05:33 - FROM A 20 YEAR SPAN. YOU HAVE

05:36 - WHAT YOU SEE TODAY OUTSIDE.

05:38 - THAT'S HOW THE MODERN HISTORY

05:39 - OF THE DEVELOPED. NOW WE'RE

05:41 - NEVER GOING TO STOP AT THAT.

05:44 - NEXT PHASE IS TO BUILD AND MORE

05:46 - ON THIS BUILDING SO THAT WE

05:48 - CAN REDO THESE EXHIBITS,

05:49 - RELOCATE THE STORE AND MAKE

05:53 - THIS TRULY A WORLD CLASS

05:54 - FACILITY.

05:56 - >>THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN THIS

05:57 - IN THIS AREA ARE VERY PROUD OF

05:58 - THEIR PRESERVATION. ASIDE FROM

06:00 - THE RESTORATION. BUT IF YOU

06:02 - ARE BRITISH, IF YOU'RE COMING

06:03 - HERE BEFORE THE 7 YEARS WAR IN

06:05 - THIS REGION, WHAT WAS IT LIKE?

06:06 - WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE SEEN?

06:08 - >>NOT THIS WAS THIS WAS THE

06:12 - FRONTIER. THIS WAS.

06:14 - >>KNOW WHERE THERE WERE MAYBE

06:15 - A FEW TRAPPERS.

06:18 - MAYBE AND THEN SOME IN THE

06:20 - INDIANS. NOW TO IT.

06:22 - >>YEAH, THERE THERE WASN'T EVEN

06:23 - A NATIVE SETTLEMENT HERE IN THE

06:25 - 17 50'S THERE HAD BEEN

06:27 - PREVIOUSLY. BUT IT WAS THE WILD

06:34 - >>FRANCE WILL UPSET THAT

06:35 - BALANCE IN A PRETTY BIG WAY IN

06:37 - 17. 54. THEY BUILD FORT

06:38 - DUQUESNE AT MATER, PITTSBURGH.

06:40 - HOW DID THAT PLACEMENT OF THAT

06:42 - FOR CHANGE THIS WHOLE REGION.

06:44 - >>WELL, THE FORKS OF THE OHIO

06:46 - ARE SUCH A CONTEST IN THE

06:47 - REGION BECAUSE IF YOU CONTROL

06:49 - THE WATERWAYS, YOU CAN CONTROL

06:51 - TRADE FOR HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS

06:53 - OF MILES. SO IT'S A VERY

06:55 - STRATEGIC PLACE TO CONTROL AND

07:00 - OF COURSE, THE THE BRITISH WERE

07:02 - VERY INTERESTED IN IN THAT AREA

07:04 - AS WELL AND HAD TRIED TO BUILD

07:05 - THEIR OWN FOR THAT. THE FRENCH

07:06 - HAD BOOTED OF PRIOR TO BUILDING

07:09 - 40 CAIN. SO IT WAS JUST A

07:12 - REALLY STRATEGIC AND IMPORTANT

07:14 - AREA FOR BUILDING EMPIRES.

07:17 - >>BREAD. WHEN YOU LOOK AT FORT

07:19 - DUQUESNE, IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE

07:20 - MUCH BIGGER FORCE. WE SEE IT'S

07:22 - ACTUALLY VERY SMALL AND A LOT

07:23 - OF WAYS. COULD YOU TALK A

07:25 - LITTLE BIT ABOUT FORT DUQUESNE

07:26 - AND WHY IT WAS SO IMPORTANT FOR

07:28 - THE FRENCH AS ERICA SAID, IT

07:30 - JUST HELD THE THE PAST WHO WAS

07:33 - GUARDING THE GATEWAY TO THE

07:35 - WEST.

07:36 - >>AND THE 2 COLONIES,

07:39 - PENNSYLVANIA AND VIRGINIA.

07:41 - BOTH WANTED TO HAVE THAT SPOT

07:44 - BECAUSE IF VIRGINIA HAD IT,

07:46 - THIS WOULD BE PART OF VIRGINIA.

07:47 - PENNSYLVANIA HAD THEN IT BECAME

07:49 - PART OF PENNSYLVANIA. SO WAS

07:50 - IMPORTANT TO FRENCH, WANTED IT

07:52 - AS AN OUTPOST TO DEAL WITH THE

07:54 - INDIANS IN OHIO AND THE REST

07:57 - OF THE OF THE TRIBES IN JUST TO

07:59 - STOP THE WESTWARD EXPANSION

08:01 - OF THE BRITISH. SO IT WAS A

08:03 - CONTESTED FROM THE FACT THAT

08:05 - THE VIRGINIAS TROOPS UNDER

08:07 - WASHINGTON TRIED TO DISLODGE

08:08 - THE FRENCH, CAME BACK WITH

08:10 - BRADDOCK, FEEL THE SECOND TIME.

08:11 - SO WHAT IT WAS PASSED TO

08:13 - FORBES. HE UNDERSTOOD HOW MUCH

08:16 - OF THE OF THE JOB THIS WAS

08:18 - GOING TO BE PORT. IT WAS IN

08:19 - 17. 58. YOU HAVE A RADICAL

08:21 - CHANGE POLICY IN BRITAIN THAT A

08:22 - MAN NAMED JOHN FORMS, AS YOU

08:24 - MENTIONED.

08:24 - >>HE'S CHOSEN TO MARCH ON FORT

08:26 - DUQUESNE. CAN WE TALK A LITTLE

08:27 - ABOUT HIS BACKGROUND?

08:30 - >>FORBES WAS A SCOTTISH HE

08:34 - ACTUALLY HAD ORIGINALLY STARTED

08:35 - OUT HIS TRAINING AS A PHYSICIAN

08:38 - IN SCOTLAND.

08:41 - BUT CHANGED HIS

08:43 - THROUGH HIS TRAINING AND

08:45 - DECIDED JOIN THE MILITARY AND

08:48 - HE WAS PART OF THE SCOTS KREIS,

08:50 - I BELIEVE IN 17. 35 IS WHEN HE

08:53 - JOINED UP WITH THAT, HE HAD

08:54 - EXPERIENCE IN THE WAR OF

08:55 - AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION HE WAS THE

08:58 - QUARTERMASTER FOR THE DUKE OF

09:00 - CUMBERLAND DURING THE JACOBITE

09:01 - REBELLION OF 17. 45 AND THEN

09:05 - DURING THE 7 YEARS WAR IN 17,

09:08 - 57, HE HAD BEEN INVOLVED IN THE

09:11 - IN REINFORCING THE FAILED

09:14 - ATTEMPT ON THE BIRD THAT BUT

09:17 - BY THE END OF THAT YEAR, HE HAD

09:19 - GOTTEN A PROMOTION TO BRIGADIER

09:21 - GENERAL IN NORTH AMERICA AND

09:23 - THEN WAS WAS TASKED WITH THE

09:25 - FORBES CAMPAIGN OF 17. 58.

09:28 - >>THAT'S A BIG CAN WE MAYBE

09:31 - COLLECTIVELY TALK ABOUT WHAT

09:32 - WAS HIS GOAL AND WHAT WAS AHEAD

09:34 - OF THEM?

09:35 - >>WELL, HIS GOAL IS TO TAKE

09:37 - 40 CAIN AND HE HAD TO CHOOSE A

09:40 - ROUTE HE HAD TO RECRUIT TROOPS.

09:41 - HE HAD TO SUPPLY THEM. IT WAS

09:44 - KIND OF A LOGISTICAL HAHA, AS

09:47 - MANY CAMPAIGNS WERE DURING THE

09:49 - 7 YEARS WAR AND HE HAD TO

09:53 - CHOOSE THAT ROAD AND HE HE HAD

09:56 - SOME OPPOSITION TO THE ROAD.

09:58 - HE HE CHOSE BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE

10:01 - LIKE GEORGE WASHINGTON WOULD

10:03 - HAVE PREFERRED HIM TO HAVE

10:04 - TAKEN THE BRADDOCK ROAD FOR

10:07 - VARIOUS REASONS. BUT HE CHOSE

10:10 - TO CUT ACROSS FROM PHILADELPHIA

10:12 - ACROSS THE TO TRY TO GET AT

10:16 - 40 CAME FROM THAT THAT ANGLE

10:18 - INSTEAD.

10:19 - >>I THINK HE ALSO STUDIED.

10:22 - THE 2 CAMPAIGNS THAT PRECEDED

10:23 - HIM. AND PART OF THE REASON

10:25 - THAT HE DECIDED YOU WANT TO CUT

10:26 - HIS OWN ROAD.

10:28 - I DON'T THINK HE CARED FOR THAT

10:30 - THAT ROUTE. AND I THINK THE

10:31 - ALSO FELT THAT. THAT WAS GOING

10:34 - TO BE TOO PREDICTABLE.

10:36 - AND FORBES WAS THE HEAD.

10:39 - THE BEAN COUNTER MENTALITY OF

10:41 - A QUARTERMASTER. SO THAT HE.

10:44 - PLIANT PLANNED OUT AND HE

10:45 - UNDERSTOOD WHAT REDICK'S

10:47 - FAILURE WAS. BRAD IVORY AND

10:49 - YELLED MARCH TO SUPPLIES SO

10:52 - THAT HE DIDN'T EVEN HAVE THE

10:53 - MAJORITY WAS ARTILLERY WHEN HE

10:54 - WAS TAKEN.

10:57 - FORBES WHOLE PLAN WAS NOT TO DO

10:58 - THAT. AND THAT'S HOW HE CAME

10:59 - UP WITH THE IDEA OF BUILDING

11:00 - A FORTIFIED BOY EVERY 50 MILES

11:03 - AS HE MARCHED TO THE WEST.

11:06 - THE HIT. AND I'VE ALWAYS CREDIT

11:08 - HIM WITH WINNING THE WAR, NOT

11:11 - BY THE SIZE OF HIS ARMY AND NOT

11:12 - BY THE NUMBER OF CANNONS AND

11:14 - MORTARS AND HOWITZERS, BUT BY

11:16 - THE FACT THAT HE THOUGHT IT OUT

11:17 - SO WELL THAT HE BRINGING AN

11:20 - ARMY THAT WAS SO LARGE SO WELL

11:22 - PREPARED. THE NO VOTE WAS GOING

11:24 - TO STAND IN FRONT OF IT.

11:27 - >>MOST PEOPLE ARE BORED BY

11:28 - LOGISTICS AS THE STORY AS WE

11:29 - GET REALLY, REALLY EXCITED

11:30 - ABOUT IT. SO COULD WE MAYBE

11:32 - TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE

11:33 - CHALLENGES HE FACED BEFORE HE

11:35 - EVEN LEFT FOR HIS EXPEDITION?

11:36 - AND WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO IT?

11:37 - BUILD A ROAD ACROSS WHAT WE

11:39 - KNOW IS TODAY THE STATE OF

11:40 - PENNSYLVANIA.

11:41 - >>WELL, HE NEEDS TO HE NEEDS

11:45 - PEOPLE. HE NEEDS WHICH MEANS

11:48 - AND SUPPLIES, WHICH MEANS HE

11:49 - NEEDS COOPERATION. YS OF THE

11:53 - IN SO THAT'S THE FIRST STEP, I

11:57 - SUPPOSE. AND THEN HE NEEDS TO

11:59 - GO ACROSS AND PLACES LIKE

12:05 - >>SAY FOR LITTLETON, WHICH WAS

12:08 - SORT OF FORTIFIED. IT IS HIS

12:11 - BUILD-UP, PLACES THAT ARE

12:12 - ALREADY IN EXISTENCE ALONG THE

12:14 - ROAD.

12:16 - CLEAN UP THE ROAD. IF ROADS

12:18 - ARE IN EXISTENCE AND THEN BUILD

12:20 - ROADS THAT DON'T ACROSS THE

12:23 - MOUNTAINS AND THE ONE THAT WE

12:25 - REALLY BUILT, THAT WAS THE

12:27 - TOTAL FEE WAS THE ACTUALLY

12:28 - BUILD.

12:30 - >>SOME SORT OF A WAGON PATH OR

12:31 - TRAIL FROM FORT BEDFORD OVER

12:34 - THE MOUNTAINS. THE FORT

12:35 - LIGONIER THAT ALWAYS ENDED UP

12:37 - BEING THE MOST DIFFICULT PART

12:38 - OF THE ROAD AND ALSO THE ONE

12:39 - THAT STAYED IN THE WORST STATE

12:41 - OF REPAIR. SO THAT MADE IT MUCH

12:44 - MORE DIFFICULT. CAPRI,

12:46 - APPRECIATE WHAT HE DID. YOU

12:48 - ALMOST HAVE TO END UP WITH.

12:51 - 2 THINGS. AN 18TH CENTURY BRAIN

12:53 - AND AN 18 TH-CENTURY IDEA OF

12:56 - SPEED. AND

12:59 - 50, 60 MILES AN HOUR FOR US

13:01 - IS NOTHING. 50, 60 MILES.

13:06 - IT IS JUST A HUGE DISTANCE WHEN

13:09 - THEY'RE TRAVELING AND 3 AND

13:10 - A HALF TO 7 MILES AN HOUR.

13:13 - SO ONE FORMS DECIDED THAT HE

13:15 - WAS GOING TO MAKE HIS SUPPLY

13:16 - DEPOTS 50 MILES APART.

13:19 - THAT'S IT FOR SUNDAY'S MARCH.

13:21 - I MEAN, AND THAT'S NOT A

13:22 - LEISURELY WALK IN THE WOODS.

13:23 - THAT'S WE'RE GOING TO GET

13:24 - THERE. IF WE WANT TO KEEP OUR

13:26 - HAIR, WE'RE GOING TO GET THERE.

13:27 - SO YOU'RE MARCHING. YOU'RE

13:28 - TRYING TO GET COVER AS MUCH

13:29 - GROUND AS YOU CAN. BUT IF YOU

13:31 - GET THAT IDEA THAT IT'S AN

13:33 - ENTIRE DAY TO DO 50. WE DO IN

13:36 - LESS THAN AN HOUR. SO YOU KIND

13:39 - OF HAVE TO THINK THAT WAY IN

13:40 - ORDER TO COME UP WITH WHAT MY

13:41 - NEW MENTAL PAST THAT WAS NOW

13:44 - GETTING HERE IS HARD ENOUGH.

13:45 - HE ACTUALLY HAS 2 IN MOST CASES

13:47 - BLAZE THE TRAIL. HE TAKES.

13:49 - >>SO HOW MUCH TIME TO TAKE HIM

13:51 - TO GET FROM PHILADELPHIA TO OUR

13:52 - CURRENT LOCATION

13:54 - MAYBE.

13:55 - >>THE FIRST PART OF ITS NOT

13:57 - HARD, AS I SAID TO GET TO THE

13:58 - JUNIOR ADDED TO GET THE

13:59 - BEDFORD. THAT'S NOT DIFFICULT.

14:01 - BUT WHEN YOU'RE BUILDING A ROAD

14:02 - AND YOU'RE MARCHING FORWARD,

14:04 - DEPENDING ON THE TERRAIN, YOU

14:05 - MAY ONLY COVER A MILE OR 2

14:07 - MILES IN A DAY. IF YOU DO 7 AS

14:09 - YOU'RE CLEARING THE REPORT,

14:10 - YOU'RE YOU ARE REALLY PICKING

14:11 - THEM UP AND PUTTING IT DOWN.

14:13 - SO

14:14 - ONCE AGAIN, 18 TH-CENTURY SENSE

14:17 - OF SPEED. NOW AS HE'S MARCHING,

14:20 - HE'S BUILDING NOT ONLY ROAD

14:21 - BUT FORTS. WHAT IS HE BUILT?

14:25 - >>WELL, HE

14:27 - >>BUILDS BEDFORD AND WHICH IS

14:29 - ALSO KNOWN AS RAYSTOWN MANY

14:31 - BILLS. FORT LEE NEAR WAS

14:34 - FORTIFIED CAMP. SO YEAH, IT

14:36 - FORTIFIES THOSE CAMPS LIKE LOUD

14:38 - IN LITTLETON ALONG THE WAY.

14:41 - BUT BEDFORD AND AND LINCOLN

14:43 - NEAR. HE'S HE'S BUILDING THIS.

14:45 - NEW BEDFORD WAS HUGE WAY BIGGER

14:47 - THAN WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING AT

14:47 - BEHIND YOU. IT WAS IT COVERED

14:49 - ALMOST THE ENTIRE.

14:51 - >>TOWN OF BEDFORD TODAY.

14:52 - SO THAT WAS A HUGE UNDERTAKING.

14:55 - BUT THEN YOU'RE GATHERING ALL

14:56 - THESE SUPPLIES. AND I THINK

14:58 - FORBES UNDERSTOOD THAT THE LAST

14:59 - PUSH TO GET OVER THESE LAST

15:01 - COUPLE OF MOUNTAINS TO

15:02 - LIGONIER. HE WAS GOING TO

15:04 - COLLECT A LOT OF SUPPLIES

15:05 - THERE. SO WE NEED A LOT OF

15:06 - SPACE BECAUSE IT WAS GOING TO

15:08 - BE MORE DIFFICULT TO GET THEM

15:09 - OVER THE LAST 2 RANGES.

15:11 - >>THE ENEMY STILL VERY FAR AWAY

15:13 - FROM WHERE ARE WE ARE IN SOME

15:14 - CASES. SO WHAT ARE THESE 4 TO

15:15 - USE FOR IF THEY'RE NOT GOING TO

15:17 - DEFEND AGAINST ATTACK, THEY

15:18 - WERE BEING PACKED ALL THE TIME.

15:20 - >>THE THE TROOPS THAT WE'RE

15:22 - COMMUNICATING EITHER UP COUNTRY

15:23 - ARE DOWN COUNTRY. WE'RE

15:25 - CONSTANTLY BEING RAIDED SUBJECT

15:28 - TO ATTACK. THAT WOULD COME IN

15:29 - AND WANT TO JUST SHOULD THE

15:31 - ANIMALS RUN THE ANIMALS OFF,

15:33 - TAKE WHATEVER THEY CAN GET.

15:34 - SO THE ENEMY REALLY IS AT FORT

15:36 - DUQUESNE. BUT THERE'S PARTIES

15:39 - OF THEM, PARTIES, OF FRENCH

15:41 - PARTIES OF INDIANS THAT ARE

15:42 - ROAMING THE COUNTRYSIDE.

15:43 - YOU ABSOLUTELY TRYING TO UPSET.

15:47 - FORBES CAMPAIGN. FOR THE

15:49 - OBVIOUS REASON THAT THEY

15:52 - HIS ARMY WAS IRRESISTIBLE.

15:54 - SO THEY HAD TO DO SOMETHING

15:55 - THAT WAS THE PLACE TO DO IT.

15:57 - >>AND THAT'S WHY IT WAS

15:58 - IMPORTANT THAT FORBES HAD THE

16:00 - PLAN TO HAVE THESE EVERY EVERY

16:02 - 50 MILES APPROXIMATELY THESE

16:05 - FORTIFIED SUPPLY DEPOTS SO THAT

16:07 - THE PROTECTIVE SUPPLIES SO THAT

16:09 - IF YOU WERE ATTACKED.

16:12 - >>YOU ALWAYS HAD IN YOUR MIND.

16:13 - I'M ONLY 25 MILES HALF A DAY'S

16:15 - MARCH. BACK TO SAFETY AND

16:17 - RESUPPLY AND

16:21 - GRAPHICS FAILURE WAS THAT HIS

16:23 - MEN WERE MARCHING STEP AFTER

16:24 - STEP AFTER STEP. DEEP INTO THE

16:27 - WILDERNESS, REALLY HAD NO IDEA

16:28 - WHAT WAS BEHIND THAT TREE OR

16:29 - THAT ROCK OR WHATEVER. AND THAT

16:31 - HAD TO PLAY ON THEIR PSYCHE THE

16:32 - ENTIRE TIME. THEY WERE MARCHING

16:33 - INTO. WHAT THE WILDERNESS AND

16:39 - WHEN FORBES GAVE HIS MEN THE

16:40 - REASSURANCE THAT THEY HAD OF

16:41 - THESE FORTIFIED SUPPLY DEPOTS.

16:43 - I THINK IT GAVE HIM STIFFEN

16:45 - THEIR SPINES, GIVEN COURAGE.

16:47 - >>WE JUST MENTIONED THE THREAT

16:49 - OF CONSTANT ATTACK, NOT FROM

16:51 - FRENCH SOLDIERS, BUT FROM

16:52 - INDIAN WARRIORS. WE TALK ABOUT

16:53 - HOW THE INDIAN WARS THIS REGION

16:55 - WORKED WITH THE AGENTS OF NEW

16:57 - FRIENDS.

16:59 - >>WELL, THEY WERE AGENTS OF

17:02 - THEY'RE VERY GOOD AT IT.

17:05 - >>USING EVEN SMALL NUMBERS TO

17:08 - CONSTANTLY BE TRYING TO TEAR

17:10 - AS FORMS CAMPAIGN AND TO SLOW

17:14 - THEM DOWN BECAUSE REALLY THE

17:15 - FRENCH SEEMED TO BE JUST TRYING

17:18 - TO SLOW THEM DOWN SO THAT THEY

17:19 - WOULDN'T ATTACK IN 17. 58, I'M

17:22 - TRYING TO SERVE, FORCED THEM

17:24 - INTO INTO WINTER QUARTERS.

17:27 - >>ONE OF THE THINGS I LOVE

17:28 - ABOUT THIS MUSEUM IS THAT YOU

17:29 - GIVE A GLOBAL CENTS OF A

17:31 - WARREN. PEOPLE MIGHT WONDER

17:32 - WHY WOULD A NATIVE PERSON FROM

17:34 - NORTH AMERICA HAVE ANY CARE

17:36 - FOR DEFENDING THE VALUES OF THE

17:37 - KING OF FRANCE. AND WE SEE THIS

17:39 - IN INDIAN WE SEE IN AFRICA.

17:41 - SO WHY WERE THE NATIVE PEOPLES

17:42 - OF THIS REGION DRAWN TO THE

17:44 - FRENCH EMPIRE

17:46 - >>GO AHEAD. HAHA. AN IDEA.

17:49 - WELL, I MEAN,

17:51 - >>TRADE GIFTS. I THERE HAD BEEN

17:56 - SUCH A FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT IN

17:57 - THEIR CULTURE SINCE EUROPEANS

17:59 - HAD ARRIVED THERE WERE LESS OF

18:03 - THE FRENCH. I MEAN, THERE THERE

18:04 - ARE A LOT OF DIFFERENT REASONS

18:06 - THAT WERE PERHAPS THEIR THOSE

18:09 - ARE SOME OF THE BASIC ONES I

18:10 - CAN THINK OF SO MUCH LESSER OF

18:12 - 2 EVILS. MAYBE YOU COULD SAY

18:13 - FOR THEM.

18:14 - >>FOR THE BETTER. YEAH. YEAH.

18:16 - IT IS THAT THE FRENCH HAD

18:17 - BETTER GOODS. THE FRENCH

18:19 - TREATED THE INDIANS BETTER THAN

18:20 - THAT. I THINK. THEY WERE MORE

18:23 - HONEST WITH THEM. THAT WAS A

18:25 - BIG FEELING WITH

18:27 - BRITISH PEAK AND THE PIANO

18:29 - COLONIES TO BECAUSE THEY WANTED

18:30 - THE LAND. AND THE FRENCH WANTED

18:33 - THAT WHAT THE INDIANS COULD

18:34 - GIVE THEM. ONE OF THE FUR TRADE

18:36 - THEY WANTED FISH. ONE OF THE

18:38 - OTHER THINGS

18:42 - THE INDIANS WERE NOT A

18:43 - CIVILIZED PEOPLE. THEY WEREN'T

18:45 - CIVILIZED AND ONE SOMEONE WOULD

18:47 - COME UP WITH A BETTER DEAL.

18:49 - THEY DO WHATEVER WHAT THEY

18:50 - WHATEVER THAT OTHER PERSON

18:51 - WANTED THEM TO DO. AND WHEN THE

18:53 - FRENCH LOST THEIR HOLD OVER

18:55 - HERE, THEY EASILY GAVE UP THEIR

18:58 - WITH THE BRITISH.

18:59 - >>ALTHOUGH FORBES WAS ONE OF

19:02 - THE FEW BRITISH OFFICERS WHO

19:05 - REALLY DID MAKE A CONCERTED

19:07 - EFFORT. I'M TRYING TO GET THE

19:09 - CHEROKEE IN CATAWBA AT THE

19:12 - TREATY OF THE TREE OF EASTON

19:13 - WAS VERY IMPORTANT TO THE

19:15 - FORBES CAMPAIGN. THE RESULTS OF

19:18 - THE TREATY OF EASTON AND THE

19:22 - REMAINING NEUTRAL

19:25 - THAT THE FRENCH ALLIES THAT

19:27 - WERE LEFT AT FORT DUQUESNE AT

19:29 - THAT POINT WENT INTO THEIR

19:30 - WINTER QUARTERS

19:32 - FORBES REALLY, REALLY

19:34 - UNDERSTOOD THE IMPORTANCE OF

19:36 - INDIAN DIPLOMACY AND HE EVEN

19:39 - STRESS THAT TOO. AMHERST, YOU

19:43 - KNOW, UPON.

19:45 - UPON FORD'S DEATH, YOU KNOW,

19:46 - RIGHT AS THAT HIS DEATH WAS

19:49 - THAT YOU REALLY NEED TO TO TAKE

19:51 - THIS INTO CONSIDERATION IN THAT

19:53 - THEY ARE THEY ARE SMARTER THAN

19:55 - WHAT WE WE WOULD LIKE TO THINK

19:57 - THAT THEY DON'T NECESSARILY

19:59 - JUST PICK WHATEVER SIDE THEY

20:00 - THINK IS GOING TO

20:03 - THERE'S A LITTLE MORE TO IT

20:04 - THAN THAT. I'M ALWAYS TRAPPED

20:05 - BY MAY 18TH CENTURY SO I THINK

20:08 - OF THEM AS SAVAGES AND WELL.

20:11 - YEAH, AND THAT'S JUST BECAUSE

20:13 - I KNOW THAT HE THINKS ENTRY

20:14 - BRAIN. YEAH. AND FORBES WAS

20:15 - WAS DIFFERENT IN HIS 18TH

20:17 - CENTURY NOT ALL 18 TH-CENTURY

20:20 - BRAINS ARE BRAINS TODAY AND

20:23 - OKAY. SO LET'S GET BACK TO FORT

20:25 - LIGONIER TOPIC.

20:27 - >>YOU DON'T JUST BUILD FORTS

20:28 - ANYWHERE. I MEAN, FORBES

20:30 - PROBABLY HAD ANY CHOICE OF

20:31 - LOCATIONS. WHAT IS IT ABOUT

20:33 - RIGHT HERE THAT WAS SO

20:34 - ATTRACTIVE FOR THIS FORT.

20:36 - OKAY. THE 4 WAS BUILT OR

20:38 - BECAUSE OF THAT, TOO GREAT

20:40 - NATURAL LINES OF DEFENSE.

20:42 - YOU SEE THE MAP BEHIND US.

20:44 - THERE'S THE STREAM. THE

20:44 - LOYALHANNA WAS ALSO A SERIES OF

20:47 - STONE CLIPS TO RUN ALL THE WAY

20:48 - DOWN THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE

20:49 - FORT.

20:50 - >>IT HAD AN ARTESIAN. WELL THAT

20:52 - PROVIDED FRESH DRINKING WATER.

20:54 - PLUS, THERE WERE NATURAL BREAKS

20:55 - IN THE FOREST WHICH ARE FIELDS

20:57 - TODAY THAT WE PARKED CARS AND

20:59 - FOR FORT LIGONIER DAYS THAT

21:01 - PROVIDED FOR EACH. SO YOU HAVE

21:03 - TO NATURAL DEFENSES. YOU HAVE

21:05 - FRESH WATER YOU HAVE FOR US FOR

21:07 - THE ANIMALS. AND EVEN THOUGH

21:08 - IT IS.

21:10 - COMMANDED ON 2 SIDES BY HIGH

21:13 - GROUND FOR BROAD ENOUGH

21:14 - ARTILLERY WITH THEM THAT THAT

21:16 - REALLY WASN'T EVER GOING TO BE

21:17 - AN ISSUE. SO IT'S ABOUT HALFWAY

21:19 - BETWEEN BEDFORD. IN FT. QUE?

21:23 - AND IT'S A GOOD SIGHT.

21:26 - UNMOUNTED. THE ENEMY IS

21:28 - ATTACKING YOU. THEY HAVE

21:29 - OBSTACLES THEY MUST ENCOUNTER

21:30 - THAT ARE ALREADY THERE. YOU'RE

21:31 - GOING TO JUST ADD TO THEIR BIRD

21:33 - GREAT PLACE TO BUILD A FORT.

21:35 - >>FRED, YOU'RE A MASTER SO YOU

21:38 - KNOW THIS BETTER THAN ANYONE.

21:39 - BUT WHAT GOES INTO BUILDING

21:41 - A FORT EXTENSIVELY IN THE

21:42 - MIDDLE OF NOWHERE TO USE LOCAL

21:44 - MATERIALS TO EVERYBODY WITH

21:45 - YOU. THE FIRST TREE YOU CUT

21:47 - DOWN IS THE FIRST LOGGED ITS

21:48 - LAID FOR THE EITHER THE OTTER

21:49 - RETRENCHMENT. WE'RE MOST LIKELY

21:52 - THE FIRST THING THEY STARTED

21:53 - CONSTRUCTION ON WORST OR

21:54 - HOUSES.

21:55 - BECAUSE AS ARMIES BACK THEN AS

21:57 - ARMIES TODAY, THEY STILL TRAVEL

21:58 - ON THEIR STOMACH. IF YOU'RE NOT

21:59 - WELL SUPPLIED, YOU'RE NOT GOING

22:01 - TO SUCCEED. BUT THAT ENTIRE

22:03 - AREA THAT THIS FORT COVERS.

22:05 - HAD TREES ON IT AND THEY JUST

22:08 - CUT THEM DOWN AND PUT THEM TO

22:09 - USE, TURNED THEM INTO TIMBERS,

22:10 - TURN THEM INTO THE THOSE

22:13 - WHATEVER WAS AND JUST CLEARED

22:14 - THE AREA AROUND THE IMMEDIATE

22:16 - AREA CLOSER TO WHERE THEY WERE

22:17 - BUILDING, THE EVEN GRABBED OUT

22:19 - THE STUMPS.

22:20 - SO THAT THEY WOULDN'T PROVIDE A

22:21 - DEFENSIVE SPOT FOR THE ENEMY.

22:23 - SO. YOU JUST STARTED WORKING.

22:27 - I LIKE THE IDEA THAT BIRD CAME

22:29 - HERE WITH 1500 MEN.

22:31 - IN JULY OF 58 TO START

22:33 - CONSTRUCTION OF THE FORT AND

22:35 - THEY WORKED IN SHIFTS AND 500

22:38 - MEN AND THEY WOULD WORK.

22:40 - MOSTLY AROUND THE CLOCK AS MUCH

22:41 - AS THEY COULD. THEY WERE

22:43 - MOTIVATED BY THE FACT THAT THE

22:44 - SOONER THE 4 WAS DONE, THE

22:46 - GREATER LIFE EXPECTANCY THERE

22:48 - REALLY WERE NO OTHER

22:49 - DISTRACTIONS. AS WE STATED

22:50 - BEFORE EARLIER, THIS IS

22:52 - ABSOLUTE WILDERNESS. THERE'S

22:53 - NOTHING TO DO HERE, BUT GET

22:55 - YOUR JOB DONE. MAKE YOUR LIFE

22:56 - BETTER. MAKE YOUR LIFE LONGER.

22:59 - >>NOW IF YOU VISIT 18

23:00 - TH-CENTURY FORT, YOU'LL NOTICE

23:02 - THEY ALL SORT OF LOOK THE SAME

23:03 - PEOPLE WHO WATCH THIS SHOW KNOW

23:05 - THAT VERY WELL. WE TALK ABOUT

23:06 - THE DESIGN OF THE SPORT'S.

23:08 - HOW WELL-KNOWN WAS IT AND WHAT

23:09 - WAS MEANT TO ACHIEVE?

23:11 - >>ONCE AGAIN, GO BACK TO THE

23:13 - ARMY. ARMIES LIKE TO BUILD LIKE

23:14 - TO DO THINGS THAT ARE THE SAME.

23:16 - THEY LIKE TO BE REPETITIOUS

23:17 - SO THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO GET

23:18 - COMPLICATED UNTIL SOMEBODY TO

23:20 - DO SOMETHING DIFFERENT. EVERY

23:21 - TIME. SO THEY JUST BUILT

23:23 - FOR BEDFORD. YOU ARE BUILDING

23:26 - A FORT DESIGNED TO DEFEAT YOUR

23:28 - ENEMY. SO YOU'RE GOING TO BUILD

23:30 - IN RINGS OF DEFENSE.

23:31 - AND YOU HAVE AN HOUR. WE HAVE

23:33 - A READOUT. YOU HAVE BEEN OUT

23:34 - OF RETRENCHMENT AND THEN YOU

23:35 - HAVE THE PALISADE OWED OR HOSE

23:38 - ON A LONG WALK FOR THE INNER

23:39 - PART OF YOUR FORTE THAT

23:40 - PROTECTS THEIR STORE HOUSES.

23:42 - THE CONSTRUCTION OF IT IS AND 5

23:45 - POINT OR 4 POINT, IT STARS SO

23:47 - THAT YOU ALWAYS HAVE AN

23:48 - OPPORTUNITY FOR INFLATING FIRE

23:49 - SO THAT YOU CAN SHOOT DOWN A

23:50 - LINE. SO THERE'S NO PLACE FOR

23:52 - THE ENEMY TO RUSH TO YOUR WALL

23:54 - AND HAVE A PLACE TO HIDE OUT.

23:56 - WAS A FULL BAN. AND IN FRANCE

24:00 - AND IT'S AMAZING. BUT THE

24:03 - FRENCH ARE THE ENGINEERS THAT

24:04 - TIME PERIOD. SO A LOT OF THE

24:05 - ELEMENTS THAT YOU'LL FIND AT

24:06 - FORT LIGONIER ALL HAVE FRENCH

24:08 - THINGS AND IT'S MUCH EASIER TO

24:10 - USE THAT FRENCH NAME INSTEAD

24:11 - OF TRANSLATING IT AND BECOMING

24:13 - CONFUSED SO THEY JUST KEPT THE

24:15 - JUST ADOPTED THE FRENCH TERMS

24:17 - FOR EVERYTHING. YEAH, THEY'RE

24:18 - ALL THE SAME BECAUSE IT'S

24:20 - EASIER TO DO.

24:21 - >>NOW WE SEE ARMY'S MARCH IN

24:23 - EUROPE FIGHTING THE 7 YEARS

24:24 - WAR. THEY HAVE LOTS OF

24:25 - ARTILLERY. THEY'VE CAVALRY.

24:28 - FOR LIKE THIS COULD HAVE

24:29 - WITHSTOOD A MASSIVE, MAJOR

24:30 - ATTACK LIKE THAT. THEY HAVE

24:32 - THAT IN MIND WHEN THEY BUILD

24:33 - IT.

24:35 - I DON'T THINK THE DAY

24:37 - UNDERSTOOD THE STRENGTH.

24:40 - AND THE WEAKNESS OF 4 TO KATE.

24:43 - I THINK WHAT THEY DID WAS THEY

24:45 - TOOK INFORMATION THAT THEY GOT

24:47 - ANECDOTALLY FROM THE CAMPAIGNS

24:49 - THAT PRECEDED IT.

24:51 - TO DETERMINE WHAT THEY WERE

24:52 - GOING TO BRING IN THE WAY OF

24:53 - CANNONS. MORTARS AND HOWITZERS.

24:58 - WASHINGTON WAS DEFEATED, HE

24:59 - SURRENDERED HIS ARTILLERY WHEN

25:01 - HE RETURNED WITH BRADDOCK.

25:02 - HE SURRENDERED HIS ARTILLERY

25:03 - AGAIN. FORBES HAD NO WAY OF

25:05 - KNOWING ALL THOSE GUNS WEREN'T

25:07 - SITTING WAITING FOR HIS

25:08 - APPROACH. SO WHEN HE PUT HIS

25:10 - CAMPAIGN TOGETHER, STARTING

25:11 - IN ENGLAND.

25:13 - HE WANTED A LOT OF BIG SHINY

25:15 - THINGS TO TAKE WITH THEM.

25:16 - HE WANTED EVERYTHING. YOU COULD

25:17 - GET HIS HANDS ON. THAT WOULD

25:18 - GO BANG THE REALITY OF IT WAS

25:21 - AND HE WOULD HAVE NO WAY OF

25:22 - KNOWING THIS. FOR 2 CANES WEEK.

25:25 - IT'S COMMANDED ON 3 SIDES.

25:27 - IT'S GREAT FOR STOPPING CANOES.

25:29 - IT'S TERRIBLE FOR STOPPING

25:30 - ARMIES.

25:32 - THE FRENCH INSPECTOR GENERAL

25:33 - WHEN HE SURVEYED THE

25:35 - CONSTRUCTED FOR DUQUESNE

25:36 - REALIZED HOW WEAK IT WASN'T.

25:37 - ALL OF THOSE CAPTURED ARMS WERE

25:39 - SENT DOWN THE OHIO RIVER UP TO

25:41 - PRESENT A CHICAGO TO THE GREAT

25:42 - LAKES AND BACK TO CANADA.

25:44 - WE KNOW THAT BECAUSE WE FOUND

25:45 - THEM LATER ON AND TOWARD THE

25:47 - END OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN

25:48 - WAR. THEY WERE IN QUEBEC IN

25:50 - MONTREAL. SO THEY REALLY THERE

25:53 - REALLY WASN'T THAT MUCH HERE.

25:56 - THE ARTILLERY THAT HE BROUGHT,

25:58 - IF ANY OTHER ARMY TRIED TO PUT

26:00 - THE CANNON BATTERY UP ON HIGH

26:02 - GROUND AROUND HIM, HE HAD THE

26:04 - MEANS. AND THE ABILITY TO

26:06 - DISPATCH IT ALMOST INSTANTLY.

26:08 - NOW, IF WE WERE HERE IN 17, 58

26:10 - FORD SAYS THOUSANDS OF MEN WITH

26:13 - HIM. IF WE WALK AROUND THE

26:14 - GROUNDS, WHAT WE SEE WHAT WE

26:16 - HEAR, WHAT WE SMELL.

26:17 - >>IT WAS A BUSTLING YOU KNOW,

26:20 - AT ITS PEAK, THERE OVER 5 OR

26:23 - 6,000 PEOPLE HERE. AND IT WAS

26:25 - REALLY A SORT OF MOBILE

26:27 - COMMUNITY. YOU KNOW, WE'RE

26:29 - THERE TO BE SOLDIERS BUILDING

26:32 - MAINTAINING THE FOR TENDING

26:34 - TO THE LIVESTOCK ON GUARD DUTY

26:36 - DRILLING, BAKING BREAD IN

26:39 - ADDITION TO THE OFFICERS AND

26:41 - THEN LOTS OF PEOPLE ASSOCIATED

26:43 - WITH SORRY CAN'T CAMP FOLLOWER

26:46 - WOMEN AND CHILDREN THAT WERE

26:47 - HERE WOMEN SERVING AS LAUNDER

26:50 - SAYS, AND NURSES, SOLAR SELLING

26:52 - GOODS TO THE

26:55 - ARTIFICE ERS. YOU KNOW, PEOPLE

26:57 - DOING TREE-LIKE BLACKSMITHING,

27:00 - MAKING SHOES, FIXING

27:03 - TAYLOR'S JUST A A HUGE

27:06 - COMMUNITY THAT WAS HERE BECAUSE

27:08 - IT WAS THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE.

27:09 - AND YOU JUST HAD TO BRING

27:11 - EVERYONE AND EVERYTHING THAT

27:12 - YOU COULD TO KEEP THE ARMY.

27:15 - FED CLOSED, SHELTERED. HAHA.

27:18 - >>BUT IN THE SPRING, MY SUMMER,

27:25 - >>THE SOME OF THE LATER REPORTS

27:27 - OF WHAT WENT ON HERE. THERE'S

27:28 - WHAT'S THE GOOD PLACE TO IN

27:30 - LATER ON. IN THE HEYDAY,

27:32 - THOUGH, THIS WAS A BUSTLING

27:33 - LITTLE SPOT.

27:35 - >>NOW ONE OF THE GREAT

27:36 - ATTRIBUTES ABOUT THE SITE AND

27:38 - THIS MUSEUM IS THAT WE HAVE A

27:39 - LOT OF MATERIAL REMAINS.

27:41 - WE HAVE EVIDENCE THAT CHILDREN

27:42 - WERE HERE. WE HAVE EVIDENCE

27:43 - THAT WOMEN WERE HERE, ERICA.

27:44 - HE TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE

27:45 - HIGHLIGHTS OF THOSE ARTIFACTS.

27:46 - SURE OUT OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

27:48 - DIGS THAT HAVE BEEN ONGOING

27:50 - SINCE SOME OF THE MOST

27:53 - REMARKABLE THINGS FOUND HERE

27:55 - WERE FOUND IN A STREAM BED

27:57 - WHERE THINGS WERE

28:00 - AND THE STREAM BAD WITH THE

28:02 - SILT AND MUD THAT MADE UP THE

28:04 - STREAM BED.

28:05 - IT DEPRIVED ANY OBJECT THAT

28:07 - WAS THROWN IN THERE OF OXYGEN

28:10 - FOR THE 200 YEARS BEFORE THEY

28:12 - WERE EXCAVATED, MAINLY IN THE

28:13 - 1960'S.

28:15 - >>AMONG THOSE ITEMS ARE THINGS

28:17 - THAT PERHAPS NORMALLY DON'T

28:18 - GET PRESERVE SHARKEY LOGICALLY

28:21 - THINGS MADE OUT OF WOOD AND 10

28:23 - AND ESPECIALLY LEATHER. WE HAVE

28:25 - THE LARGEST COLLECTION OF SHOE

28:27 - LEATHER FROM THE FRENCH AND

28:28 - INDIAN WAR ERA BECAUSE OF THAT

28:30 - STREAM BED AND IT DOES INCLUDE

28:32 - THE WOODEN HEELS OF WOMEN'S

28:35 - THE SOLES, THE LEATHER SOLES

28:37 - OF WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S

28:38 - SHOES. SO WE ALWAYS KNOW THAT

28:41 - WOMEN AND CHILDREN ARE PRESENT.

28:43 - >>ON THESE CAMPAIGNS, BUT VERY

28:45 - RARELY DO. WE WRITTEN ACCOUNT

28:47 - FROM THEIR VOICE OR ANY

28:49 - PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF SOMETHING

28:51 - THAT THEY WOULD HAVE HAD OR

28:52 - WARNER USE. IT'S A REALLY

28:55 - REMARKABLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

28:56 - COLLECTION HERE.

28:58 - >>WHY WOULD A PERSON BRING

29:00 - THEIR WIFE OR CHILD ON SUCH

29:02 - A DANGEROUS MISSION IN SUCH AN

29:04 - DANGEROUS PLACE?

29:05 - >>WELL, SOME OF THE WOMEN WHO

29:07 - WERE MARRIED TO SOLDIERS AND

29:09 - ALL THOSE SOLDIERS WERE IN THE

29:11 - REGULAR ARMY WERE DISCOURAGED

29:12 - FROM THEY WERE CAREER CAMP

29:15 - FOLLOWERS JUST AS THEIR

29:17 - HUSBANDS WERE CAREER SOLDIERS.

29:19 - YOU KNOW, WE HAVE WOMEN LIKE

29:20 - MARTHA MAE WHO RATES OF SERVING

29:22 - FOR DECADES, BRINGING WATER TO

29:25 - HER HUSBAND IN THE ARMY AND THE

29:27 - HOTTEST BATTLES THEY WOULD GO

29:30 - WHEREVER THE ARMY SENT THEM

29:32 - WHEREVER IN THE WORLD. AND THEN

29:34 - THERE MIGHT BE SOME WOMEN WHO

29:36 - OUR MARY TO A PROVINCIAL

29:38 - SOLDIER AND THEY MAY NOT HAVE

29:40 - MUCH OF A CHOICE OF WHETHER

29:42 - TO STAY HOME IF THEY

29:47 - ALONE WITHOUT THERE HAS BEEN

29:50 - SO THEY ARE SORT OF FORCE TO OR

29:52 - CHOOSE TO PERHAPS FOLLOW THEIR

29:54 - HUSBAND DURING THEIR SERVICE

29:57 - AND THE PROVINCIAL ARMY.

30:00 - >>SOME PEOPLE WONDER WHY A

30:02 - BRITISH COURT HAS A FRENCH

30:04 - NAME. WE TALK ABOUT THE NAMELY

30:06 - GET NEAR.

30:08 - >>FOR LEAGUE IN ERA GETS ITS

30:09 - NAME FROM FIELD MARSHAL JOHN

30:11 - LIGA NEAR WHO IS ESSENTIALLY IN

30:13 - CHARGE OF THE ENTIRE BRITISH

30:15 - ARMY DURING THE 7 THIS TIME

30:18 - OF THE 7 YEARS WAR.

30:21 - JOHN LEE NEAR WAS A FRENCH

30:23 - HUGUENOT AND ACTUALLY HIS NAME

30:25 - WAS JOHN LOUIS UNIR. HE WAS

30:28 - BORN IN FRANCE, BUT BECAUSE

30:30 - HE WAS A HE DID HE FACE

30:32 - RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION. ANY

30:35 - PRADA SINCE FLED FROM FRANCE

30:37 - AND HE WAS AMONG THEM AND HE

30:38 - FLED TO IRELAND AND PRETTY MUCH

30:41 - WORKED HIS WAY UP THROUGH THE

30:42 - ARMY HE. UNTIL HE WAS FIELD

30:46 - MARSHAL AT THE TIME THAT THAT

30:48 - FORT LIGONIER WAS BUILT AND SO

30:52 - WE ARE THE BRITISH 4 WITH A

30:54 - FRENCH NAME AND YOU HAVE A

30:56 - PAINTING OF JOHN LENNON THERE.

30:57 - WE DO. WE HAVE A PORTRAIT OF

30:59 - OF JOHN LE GUIN NEAR. IT'S A

31:01 - VERY WONDERFUL, BEAUTIFUL

31:02 - PORTRAIT BY SIR JOSHUA

31:04 - REYNOLDS, ONE OF THE GREAT

31:06 - ARTISTS OF THE 18TH CENTURY.

31:11 - >>BEFORE THIS SPORT IS

31:12 - COMPLETED, IT'S EVER COMPLETED.

31:15 - AGENTS OF FRANCE AND IN FORT

31:16 - DUQUESNE REALIZE HAPPENING,

31:18 - THEY SEND OUT A FORCED TO

31:19 - ATTACK. WE TALK ABOUT THAT

31:21 - BATTLE.

31:22 - >>ABOUT A MONTH BEFORE

31:25 - >>AGAINST FORBES WISHES MAJOR

31:27 - JAMES GRANT WHEN FORCE AND

31:30 - TRIED TO ATTACK FORT DUQUESNE.

31:33 - HE HAD.

31:34 - FALSE INTELLIGENCE THAT IT WAS

31:36 - A WEEK AND HE SHOWED UP WITH

31:38 - ABOUT 800 MEN AND IT WAS ALMOST

31:41 - A REPEAT OF PRODUCTS DEFEAT.

31:43 - HE LOST ABOUT A 3RD OF HIS MEN.

31:45 - HE HIMSELF.

31:47 - WAS TAKING CAN WAS CAPTURED AND

31:50 - BECAME A PRISONER OF THE FRENCH

31:53 - AND SO ABOUT A MONTH LATER,

31:55 - THE FRENCH SORT OF CAME AFTER 4

31:57 - LEAGUE AN EAR.

32:00 - YOU KNOW, I WAS OCTOBER 12TH

32:02 - AND THAT MORNING PROBABLY

32:03 - STARTED OUT AS A REGULAR

32:05 - MORNING AT THE FORT. IT WASN'T

32:06 - COMPLETELY BUILT YET. SO THERE

32:08 - THERE WAS MOST CERTAINLY WORK

32:10 - BEING DONE ON THE FORT AND

32:12 - THERE WERE GRASS GUARDS WHO

32:14 - WERE SOLDIERS OUT GUARDING THE

32:16 - CATTLE AND THE HORSE IS OUT

32:18 - IN THE FIELDS ACROSS THE ACROSS

32:21 - THE LOYALHANNA CREEK AND THEY

32:23 - GOT ATTACKED. SO BYRD WHO WAS

32:26 - IN CHARGE OF THE TIME WITH

32:28 - ABOUT 1500 TROOPS, A FORT.

32:31 - HE THOUGHT IT WAS TO AT THOUGHT

32:33 - IT WAS JUST SORT OF A RAID.

32:35 - SO HE SENT A COUPLE 100 TROOPS

32:36 - OUT THE FIRING INTENSIFIED.

32:41 - SO HE SENT 500 MORMON OUT AND

32:43 - THEY EVENTUALLY GOT PUSHED

32:45 - BACK. AND THERE IS ABOUT A 4

32:47 - HOUR BATTLE. SO FROM ABOUT

32:49 - 11:00AM WAS THE FIRST FIRST

32:51 - ATTACK UNTIL ABOUT 03:00PM AND

32:53 - ULTIMATELY WAS THE ARTILLERY

32:55 - HERE THAT THAT WAS ABLE TO

32:56 - DRIVE THEM THE FRENCH DID THAT

32:59 - NIGHT ATTACK AGAIN. BUT I THINK

33:02 - IT WAS A ONE OF THE QUOTES AND

33:04 - ONE OF THE DOCUMENTS IS THAT

33:06 - THE CANNON AND CO HORNS

33:08 - INTIMIDATED THEM AND DROVE THEM

33:10 - BACK AGAIN.

33:12 - >>BYRD WROTE WHO I THINK WAS

33:13 - BOUQUET AND SAID THAT HE BOMBS

33:16 - FROM THE 8 INCH HOWITZERS IN

33:18 - THE 8 ORDERS THAT HE HAD WITH

33:19 - THEM AND THAT SO DISPIRITED THE

33:22 - ENEMY THAT THEY CALLED UP ANY

33:24 - GENERAL ATTACKED INDIANS JUST

33:27 - COULDN'T STAND CHANCE AND

33:29 - CANNON FIRE OR SHELL FIRE EVEN

33:31 - TO A GREATER EXTENT. LIKE TELL

33:34 - SCHOOL GROUPS ALL THE TIME THAT

33:35 - UNIONS WERE WELL AWARE OF GUNS

33:37 - AND WENT BANG WITH YEARS, A GUN

33:38 - THAT GOES BANG AND THEN THE

33:39 - BULLET GOES BANG. SO WHEN THOSE

33:41 - SHELLS WOULD BLOW UP IN THE

33:42 - WOODS AROUND THEM AND NO IDEA

33:44 - HOW THAT HAPPENED. SO IT'S

33:46 - ABSOLUTELY TERRIFYING.

33:47 - >>NOW THE FRENCH STYLE OF

33:48 - FIGHTING IN THE INDIAN STYLE

33:50 - FIGHTING A VERY DIFFERENT.

33:51 - HOW DID THEY COOPERATE? THE

33:54 - FRENCH?

33:56 - >>REGULAR ARMY WOULD HAVE

33:57 - FOUGHT. LIKE ANY EUROPEAN ARMY

34:01 - IN EUROPE. THE CANADIAN RANGERS

34:03 - IN THE INDIANS. BUT LIKE

34:05 - INDIANS. AND THE ONE. PLUS, I

34:08 - THINK THAT THE FRENCH REGULARS

34:10 - HAD IS THAT THEY UNDERSTOOD

34:11 - THAT AND THEY WERE MORE AND

34:13 - MORE ACCEPTABLE TO THE IDEA

34:15 - OF FIGHTING LIKE THAT. WHERE IS

34:17 - THE BRITISH? NEVER WORK?

34:18 - JUST WOULD OUR COLONIAL TROOPS,

34:19 - PENNSYLVANIA VIRGINIANS WOULD

34:21 - ADAPT THE INDIAN WAY OF

34:23 - FIGHTING. BUT THE REGULAR.

34:25 - SOLDIERS AND, YOU KNOW, FROM

34:26 - THE BRITISH WOULD THE STUFF

34:29 - THAT WASN'T MANLY THE HIGH BY

34:31 - THE TREE AND DISCHARGE THEIR

34:32 - WEAPONS JUST COWARDLY. THEY

34:33 - WOULD WANT THAT DONE.

34:37 - THEY WOULD STILL FIRE AND MASK.

34:38 - AND THAT WASN'T SO MUCH THAT

34:40 - IT WAS BECAUSE THAT WAS THEIR

34:43 - STYLE. IT'S BECAUSE THAT'S THE

34:45 - ONLY MUSKETS EFFECTIVE OF SOME

34:47 - OF THE SINGLE SHOT FROM A

34:48 - MOSQUE. IT'S GOING TO BE ALMOST

34:50 - WORTHLESS. BUT IF YOU FIRE.

34:53 - THE 100 TIME, THEN YOU'LL HAVE

34:54 - SOME NOTICEABLE EFFECT.

34:57 - >>WAS THEIR SENSE OF URGENCY

34:58 - AFTER THAT ATTACK THAT THEY

35:00 - MUST TAKE 4 TO CAME FASTER THAN

35:02 - THEY PLANNED. WELL, I THINK

35:03 - THEY GAVE UP.

35:05 - >>ALMOST WELL. I YEAH, BECAUSE

35:07 - OF SUPPLY. WELL, AND IN

35:08 - OCTOBER, THEY'RE STILL THAT'S

35:11 - WHEN THE TREATY OF EASTON IS

35:12 - GOING ON. SO THEY'RE STILL KIND

35:13 - OF WAITING AND I THINK FORBES

35:15 - REALLY DID HE REALLY WANTED TO

35:17 - GO FOR IT. BUT BY BY NOVEMBER,

35:20 - HE HE REALLY MADE THE DECISION

35:23 - TO WAIT AND TELL. A FEW HAHA.

35:30 - HISTORY OVERTOOK HIM. ONE OF

35:31 - THEM WAS THE RESULT OF THE

35:33 - TREATY OF AND THE OTHER WAS

35:36 - THE FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENT THAT

35:37 - HAPPENED HERE AND WHAT RESULTED

35:39 - OF COULD YOU TALK ABOUT THE

35:41 - TREE OF EAST? AND IT'S PRETTY

35:42 - IMPORTANT FOR THE STORE.

35:43 - SURE. SO THE TREATY OF EAST AND

35:45 - THAT HAPPENED IN OCTOBER OF

35:47 - A 17 WAS A VERY LONG, ALMOST

35:52 - THE ENTIRE MONTH OF MAINLY WITH

35:56 - YOU. INDIANS, WHICH RESULTED

35:58 - IN THE REMAINING NEUTRAL IN

36:00 - EXCHANGE, THERE WAS TO BE NO

36:02 - BRITISH SETTLEMENT OR LESS OF

36:03 - THE ALLEGHENIES. SO THAT THAT

36:08 - A BIG. PUSH FOR FOR A BIG

36:11 - REASON FOR HIM TO GO AFTER

36:15 - FORT DUQUESNE SINCE FRANCE

36:17 - DEFEAT IN SEPTEMBER, A HE WAS

36:21 - LOSING NATIVES WITH EACH

36:24 - BATTLE. THEY'RE GETTING PRIZES

36:26 - AND TROPHIES AND THEY WERE

36:28 - RECEIVING GIFTS AND ONCE THEY

36:30 - RECEIVE THOSE THAN SOME OF THEM

36:32 - WOULD LEAVE, THEY WERE

36:33 - SATISFIED. AND SO WITH EACH

36:36 - SORT OF THEY HAD LOST MORE AND

36:39 - MORE AND BUY THE FEW REMAINING

36:43 - THAT WERE THERE BY NOVEMBER BY

36:45 - THE END OF THE TREATY OF

36:46 - EASTON. THOSE WERE WERE

36:48 - EVENTUALLY LOST AS WELL AS WORD

36:50 - OF THE TREATY OF EASTON PREACH

36:54 - THE NATIVES THERE SO THE TREATY

36:57 - OF EASTON WAS A VERY

36:59 - SIGNIFICANT REASON. WHY FORBES

37:02 - EVENTUALLY IT WAS ONCE ONE OF

37:05 - ITS A FEW CIRCUMSTANCES.

37:07 - BUT A MAJOR ONE THAT REALLY

37:10 - HAD HIM PUSH TO FOR FOR FORT

37:13 - DUQUESNE IN 17 58 RATHER THAN

37:15 - WAIT UNTIL THE SPRING OF 17.

37:17 - 59.

37:19 - >>WITHIN THAT IN THAT FRIENDLY

37:20 - FIRE INCIDENT AS ONE THEY

37:22 - CAPTURED. BRETT? SOLDIERS FROM

37:26 - FORT DUQUESNE AND THEY'RE THE

37:28 - ONES THE RELAY, THE INFORMATION

37:29 - ABOUT HOW MANY OF THE NATIVE

37:32 - AMERICAN SAID.

37:34 - FOUGHT THEIR BATTLES AND THEY

37:36 - WERE ONLY THE ONLY SIGNED UP

37:37 - FOR THE ONE THEY DIDN'T SIGN

37:38 - UP FOR THE ENTIRE CAMPAIGN.

37:40 - AS ERICA SAID, THEY HAD THEIR

37:41 - PRIZES. THEY HAD THEIR TROPHIES

37:43 - AND IT WAS TIME FOR THEM TO GO

37:44 - HOME AND PREPARE. PREPARE FOR

37:46 - WINTER. SO THEY BASICALLY

37:47 - ABANDONED THE FRENCH KNOW IF

37:49 - YOU UNDERSTAND ALL OF THAT,

37:51 - YOU KNOW THAT THE 40'S YOU

37:52 - KNOW, VULNERABLE POSITION.

37:56 - SITTING HERE WAITING IS ONLY

37:57 - GOING TO ALLOW THE FRENCH TO

37:58 - BECOME STRONGER FOR THE INDIANS

37:59 - TO COME BACK IN THE SPRING.

38:01 - TO GO ON ANOTHER RAMPAGE.

38:03 - SO THEY WENT AHEAD WITH THE

38:04 - ATTACK AND AS EVERYONE KNOWS

38:07 - THAT WHEN THEY GOT WITHIN 13

38:09 - MILES THAT FRENCH BLEW UP A

38:11 - PLACE UP AND ABANDONED IT.

38:13 - WHAT WAS A GOOD THING THEY DID

38:14 - WHEN THEY DID IT.

38:15 - >>NOW WE'VE BEEN ELUDING TO

38:17 - THIS A FEW TIMES, BUT PEOPLE BE

38:18 - SURPRISED TO KNOW THAT NOT ONLY

38:20 - WAS GEORGE WASHINGTON HERE,

38:22 - BUT HE ALMOST DIED HERE.

38:24 - SO CAN WE TALK ABOUT THAT AS WE

38:25 - SAY, FRIENDLY

38:26 - FIRE INCIDENT?

38:27 - >>WE'RE SO GEORGE WASHINGTON

38:29 - WAS A COLONEL IN THE VIRGINIA

38:31 - REGIMENT AND HE ARRIVED AT FORT

38:34 - LEE GET IN LATE OCTOBER.

38:36 - SO HE WASN'T HERE FOR THE

38:38 - BATTLE THAT HAPPENED ON

38:39 - OCTOBER. 12TH. HE CAME A LITTLE

38:40 - BIT AFTER THAT WHILE HE WAS

38:44 - THERE WAS ANOTHER ATTACK ON

38:46 - THE GRASS CARDS ON NOVEMBER.

38:48 - 12TH OF 17. 58 AND FORBES SENT

38:54 - COLONEL GEORGE MERCER, WHO IS

38:56 - ALSO OF THE FOR VIRGINIA

38:57 - REGIMENT WITH 500 TROOPS TO

39:00 - GO AFTER AND BASICALLY TO GIVE

39:02 - THEM CHASE THESE THESE FRENCH

39:04 - IN NATIVE RAIDERS THAT WERE

39:07 - ATTACKING THE GRASS CARDS

39:10 - THE FIGHTING INTENSIFIED AND

39:12 - WASHINGTON WAS SENT OUT WITH

39:13 - ANOTHER TO TO HELP OUT MERCER

39:18 - IT WAS GETTING LATE IN THE DAY.

39:19 - IT WAS AROUND 4, SO IT WAS

39:23 - STARTING TO GET A LITTLE DARK.

39:25 - IT WAS A FOG HAD SET IN AND

39:27 - ESSENTIALLY WHAT HAPPENED IS

39:29 - THE 2 GROUPS OF VIRGINIA

39:32 - PROVINCIAL. WE'RE TRYING TO

39:33 - FLANK THE FRENCH AN INDIANS AND

39:36 - ENDED UP RUNNING RIGHT INTO

39:37 - EACH OTHER WHEN THEY REALIZED

39:40 - WHAT HAD HAPPENED AT THAT, THEY

39:41 - WERE FIRING UPON THEIR OWN MEN.

39:43 - THE OFFICERS, INCLUDING

39:44 - WASHINGTON, RAND OUT VERY

39:47 - BRAVELY RAN DOWN THE FRONT OF

39:49 - THE LINES, THROWING THAT THE

39:51 - MUSKETS UP WITH THEIR SWORDS

39:53 - TO TRY TO GET THEM TO STOP

39:55 - FIRING AT EACH OTHER YOU KNOW,

39:57 - FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENTS IN ANY

39:59 - TIME PERIOD ARE VERY TRAUMATIC

40:02 - AND IT'S SOMETHING THAT I THINK

40:04 - REALLY AFFECTED WASHINGTON.

40:06 - HE HARDLY EVER WROTE ABOUT IT.

40:08 - HE HE WRITES ABOUT IT ACTUALLY

40:11 - LATER IN LIFE WHEN HE'S ASKED

40:12 - TO REMEMBER HIS TIME DURING THE

40:14 - FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. AND THIS

40:16 - WAS AFTER THE FRENCH AND YOU

40:17 - ARE AFTER THE REVOLUTION AND

40:19 - JUST FREE BECOMES PRESIDENT.

40:21 - HE WRITES THESE REMARKS AND IN

40:24 - THOSE REMARKS WRITING ABOUT

40:25 - WHAT HAPPENED AT FORT LEE NEAR,

40:26 - HE SAID THAT WAS OF ALL THE

40:29 - TIMES IN HIS LIFE WHERE HE HAD

40:30 - BEEN IN BATTLE THAT THAT WAS

40:32 - WHEN HIS LIFE WAS IN. THE MOST

40:34 - DANGER WAS HERE AT FORT LEE

40:35 - IN AIR. AND AS BRAD YOU KNOW,

40:39 - DESPITE LOU HAVING BOSS, YOU

40:41 - KNOW, AROUND 40 MAN, ANOTHER

40:43 - 40 CASUALTIES FROM THIS

40:45 - FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENT, WHICH

40:47 - I'M SURE IS QUITE DEVASTATING.

40:49 - THEY DID MANAGE TO CAPTURE 3

40:51 - FRENCH PRISONERS. YOU KNOW,

40:52 - ONE OF THEM WHICH GAVE THEM

40:54 - INFORMATION, INTELLIGENCE THAT

40:57 - THAT 40 CAN WAS WEAK. SO

40:59 - ANOTHER ANOTHER FACTOR IN

41:01 - BECAUSE REALLY THE DO I THINK

41:03 - IS THE DAY BEFORE FORBES HAD

41:05 - SAID WE'RE NOT GOING AND

41:09 - AFTER THEY GOT THIS PRISONER

41:10 - WITH WITH THE TREATY OF PEACE.

41:12 - AND, YOU KNOW, FRONTENAC HAD

41:14 - BEEN TAKEN SO SUPPLIES WERE

41:16 - BEING CUT OFF FROM THE FRENCH

41:18 - 40 CAIN IT WAS THE TIME TO

41:21 - STRIKE AND THEY WENT NOVEMBER

41:24 - 24TH THIS WHEN THEY ARRIVED

41:27 - AT FORT DUQUESNE, THEY FOUND IT

41:29 - ABANDONED AND BLOWN THEY HEARD

41:32 - THE EXPLOSION THIS HERE BEFORE,

41:35 - BUT THEY THEY DID TAKE IT AND

41:37 - IT BECAME PITTSBURGH BACK ON

41:39 - THE FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENT.

41:40 - WE PLANNING ON.

41:42 - >>DOING A LITTLE BIT OF A DIG

41:43 - OUT THEIR WEEK. WE MIGHT WE

41:45 - MIGHT KNOW A THING. I'VE ALWAYS

41:46 - WONDERED TRYING TO FIND IT YET

41:49 - TO FIND THE EXACT SITE. THE

41:50 - OTHER THING I WANTED TO DO AND

41:51 - ALWAYS HAVE WANTED TO DO IS

41:53 - TO REENACT. WE HAVE WHAT FOR

41:56 - FORT LIGONIER DAYS WILL HAVE

41:57 - BETWEEN 20250 REACTORS HERE

41:59 - TO BE TERRIFIC WEEK AND MARCHED

42:01 - THEM OUT IN THE WILDERNESS ON

42:03 - ACTUALLY OLD FORBES ROAD AND

42:05 - THEN HAVE THEM RECREATED.

42:08 - PEOPLE THAT JUST BY HAVING THEM

42:09 - DO THAT, YOU MIGHT LEARN SOME

42:11 - THINGS IF THEY FIRED THEIR

42:13 - MUSKETS, YOU BE ABLE TO HEAR

42:15 - WHATEVER THEY HEARD HERE AT

42:16 - THE FORD THAT HELP TO MAKE THE

42:18 - DECISIONS NUMBER ONCE AND

42:20 - WASHINGTON NOW WITH 500 MORE

42:24 - BY RELIVING HISTORY. MAYBE YOU

42:26 - LEARN SOME HISTORY. SO THAT

42:28 - MIGHT BE NEEDING TO DO.

42:31 - >>NOW IN FORT DUQUESNE FALLS,

42:33 - MANY CALLED THE BEGINNING OF

42:34 - THE BRITISH OCCUPATION OF THIS

42:35 - REGION.

42:36 - THE FALL OF FORT DUQUESNE.

42:37 - HOW DOES THAT CHANGE THINGS ON

42:39 - THE GROUND FOR EVERYONE, INDIAN

42:40 - AND WOULD INVOLVE?

42:44 - I DON'T KNOW THAT THAT WAS TO

42:46 - THE SEMINAL MOMENT. I THINK

42:48 - THEM THE IDEA THAT.

42:51 - PRADO AND JOHNSON EVENTUALLY

42:53 - MARCHED ON NIAGARA THAT CUT THE

42:56 - SUPPLY LINE AND THE LINE OF

42:58 - COMMUNICATION TO ALL OF THE

42:59 - FORT'S TO THE WEST AND AT THAT

43:02 - POINT. THE

43:06 - 3 RIVERS FOR THE BRITISH AND

43:07 - FOR THE COLONIES NOW BECAME

43:09 - SECURE BEFORE THAT THEY WERE

43:10 - CONSTANTLY IN A STATE OF FLUX

43:12 - WHERE YOU ARE THEY GOING TO

43:13 - ATTACK. WHEN ARE THEY GOING

43:14 - TO ATTACK? THEY HAD INDIAN

43:16 - SPIES AND VENANGO AND UP AND

43:18 - PRESQUE ISLE AND TAKING A LOOK

43:20 - AT THE NUMBER OF SOLDIERS THAT

43:21 - WERE COMING IN FROM DETROIT.

43:23 - THE INDIANS WERE COMING ACROSS

43:24 - LAKE ERIE. WHEN THEY WERE GOING

43:27 - TO RUMORS ABOUT THE NUMBER OF

43:29 - CAN AND THAT THEY WERE BRINGING

43:30 - IN FROM DETROIT. SO THEY WERE

43:32 - CONSTANTLY PREPARING FOR THE

43:35 - FRENCH TO RETAKE IT. BUT ONE

43:37 - TOOK. I AGREE IT WAS OVER WITH.

43:40 - AND FROM THEN ON IN IT THIS

43:42 - BECAME THE GATEWAY TO THE WEST

43:44 - AND IT CHANGE. THEY STILL HAD

43:46 - TO PLAN AND THEY STILL HAD TO

43:51 - 2. SUPPLY. THE TROOPS. FORT

43:55 - PITT WAS BUILT. AND PITTSBURGH.

44:00 - THE ORIGINAL ARTILLERY THAT

44:01 - THEY GAVE HIM OR 6 ORDERS.

44:04 - BEFORE THE BRITISH ARTILLERY

44:06 - RETURN TO THE EAST. THEY TOOK

44:08 - 2, 5, AND A HALF LETTER, WHICH

44:10 - WAS THE FIRST MAJOR PIECES OF

44:12 - ARTILLERY AT FORT PITT MAY CAME

44:15 - FROM HERE.

44:17 - AFTER THAT, THE BRITISH TURNED

44:18 - IT COMPLETELY OVER TO THE

44:20 - PROVINCIAL YS. YOU'LL MAN IT.

44:21 - YOU'LL TAKE CARE OF IT IN.

44:23 - WHAT DID THAT TELL THE END OF

44:25 - IT STAYS.

44:26 - >>THEY ALSO SAY ABOUT JUST 17,

44:28 - 15 GENERAL THAT IT'S JUST THE

44:31 - FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE FORBES

44:32 - CAMPAIGN IS JUST ONE OF SEVERAL

44:35 - SUCCESSES OF THE BRITISH ARMY

44:36 - THAT YEAR. AND SO IT REALLY WAS

44:38 - A TURNING POINT THAT GAVE THEM

44:40 - SOME MOMENTUM. YOU KNOW, THEY

44:42 - TAKE IN LOUISBURG. IT HAD TAKEN

44:44 - FRONT NECK AND FORTUNATELY

44:45 - HADN'T TAKEN TICONDEROGA.

44:47 - HAHA. BUT 3 OUT OF 4, A

44:51 - SO THAT 17 58 JUST IN GENERAL

44:55 - AND THE NORTH AMERICAN THEATER

44:56 - OF WAR WAS WAS JUST A BIG

44:58 - TURNING POINT FOR THE BRITISH

44:59 - ARMY.

45:01 - >>FOR PITT'S A VERY BIG PROJECT

45:03 - AND IT LOOMS LARGE IN THE MINDS

45:05 - OF OF BRITISH CITIZENS

45:07 - EVERYWHERE FOR LEAN YEARS

45:09 - BUILT. WHAT'S THE RELATIONSHIP

45:10 - BETWEEN FORT LIGONIER FORT IN

45:12 - THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW?

45:14 - WHEN YEARS MOVING SUPPLIES?

45:17 - UP COUNTRY OR UP FOR IT.

45:20 - >>YOU HAVE TO HAVE THESE PLACES

45:22 - TO SUPPLY THEM. WELL, ONE OF

45:24 - THE THINGS THAT THEY FOUND OUT

45:25 - EARLY ON. FORBES IDEA WAS TO

45:28 - SHIP ALL OF HIS GOODS. ALL THE

45:30 - WAY TOO. THE BATTLE OF FORT

45:33 - DUQUESNE ALL THE WAY TO EVEN

45:35 - THOUGH I'M SURE HE THOUGHT

45:36 - AHEAD. BUT THE FALL OF FORT

45:39 - DUQUESNE THAT HE WOULD STILL

45:40 - BE SUPPLYING FORT PITT THAT

45:42 - WHETHER THEY KNEW THAT OR NOT,

45:44 - THAT ALL BE DONE BY WAGONS.

45:45 - IT DIDN'T TAKE THEM VERY LONG

45:47 - TO FIND OUT THE WAGONS WERE NOT

45:49 - THE BEST METHOD OF

45:49 - TRANSPORTATION. THE ROAD COMING

45:52 - FROM BEDFORD TO FORT LIGONIER.

45:54 - AND OF BEING SO BAD.

45:57 - THE MOST THEY COULD CARRY IN A

45:58 - WAGON AND IS ABOUT 800 POUNDS.

46:00 - AND NORMALLY THEY WERE CARRYING

46:01 - ALMOST TWICE THAT MUCH BECAUSE

46:03 - OF THE CONDITION OF THE ROAD

46:04 - THAT KIND OF WAY BACK. WELL, IF

46:06 - YOU HAVE 4 HORSES PULLING A

46:07 - WAGON WITH 800 POUNDS AND IT

46:10 - YOU CAN ALSO TAKE THOSE 4

46:12 - HORSES AND PUT.

46:15 - 200 POUNDS ON EACH ONE AND YOU

46:16 - DON'T HAVE TO PULL THE WAGON.

46:18 - SO WHAT THEY DID AFTER THEY

46:19 - DISCOVERED THAT WAS THE USE.

46:22 - FOR BEDFORD AS THE TERMINUS

46:23 - FOR THE WAGONS. THE WAGONS THAT

46:26 - HAD ORIGINALLY MADE IT OVER

46:27 - HERE WOULD THEN JUST USED TO

46:28 - TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE LEAGUE

46:29 - IN HERE AND FORT PITT. BUT MOST

46:32 - OF THE GOODS CAME OVER THE

46:33 - MOUNTAIN ON HORSEBACK.

46:37 - PACK OR STRAINS OF UP TO 100.

46:39 - THEN YOU WOULD EVEN IN 59.

46:44 - WE'RE STILL SENDING ESCORT SO

46:46 - THAT IF A SUPPLY OF GOODS WERE

46:48 - GOING TO TRAVEL FROM LIGONIER

46:49 - TO FORT PITT.

46:52 - THAT WOULD SEND AN ESCORT OUT

46:53 - TO MEET THAT NEED THEM AND THEN

46:55 - THEY WOULD GO BACK THE SAME

46:56 - THING AS YOU TRANSPORT. YOU

46:57 - COMMUNICATED BETWEEN BEDFORD

46:59 - AND LIGONIER. YOU ALWAYS SEND

47:01 - US COURT. THAT'S HOW IT

47:03 - FUNCTIONS.

47:04 - >>IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 7

47:05 - YEARS WAR 17, 63, WE SEE A

47:07 - MAJOR INDIAN UPRISING IN THIS

47:09 - REGION. SOME CALLED PONTIAC SRI

47:11 - BILLION. OTHERS POPPED UP ON

47:13 - TECH GUY SUIT DOES RIBBON

47:14 - WHATEVER YOU WANT TO CALL IT.

47:16 - CAN WE TALK ABOUT WHAT SPURRED

47:17 - THAT ON AND HOW IT AFFECTED

47:18 - FORT LIGONIER?

47:20 - >>SO ALL OF THE

47:22 - >>FORMERLY FRENCH THAT WE'RE

47:25 - NOW TAKEN OVER BY THE BRITISH

47:26 - IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION,

47:27 - ESPECIALLY, YOU KNOW, THEY THEY

47:30 - HAVE BEEN TAKEN OVER BY THE

47:31 - BRITISH AMHERST HAD.

47:34 - REDUCED A LOT OF THE GIFTS TO

47:35 - NATIVES THAT THEY WERE VERY

47:37 - PLEASED SO THERE ARE A VARIETY

47:40 - OF FACTORS THAT LED TO A

47:43 - CONCERTED RAVALLI A REAL

47:46 - COOPERATION AMONG MANY, MANY

47:49 - DIFFERENT NATIVE TRIBES.

47:51 - 2 RISE UP AND TAKE THESE FOR

47:56 - TES FROM THE BRITISH

48:00 - IN PRESENT-DAY MICHIGAN.

48:01 - IT WAS UP TO TROY FOR MICHELIN

48:03 - MACKINAW AND THEN PRETTY MUCH

48:06 - EVERY SPOT FROM FORT NIAGARA

48:07 - DOWN. THE FORT PITT WAS TAKEN

48:10 - PLACES ALONG THE FORBES ROAD

48:11 - WERE HARASSED AND INCLUDING 4

48:16 - LEAGUE IN HERE FOR ILLEGAL NEAR

48:18 - WAS ATTACKED TWICE IN JUNE OF

48:21 - 17. 63 YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU WHEN

48:25 - YOU READ THE ACCOUNTS OF THE

48:26 - PEOPLE HERE, THERE'S SUCH A

48:28 - FEAR TO LEAVE TO, TO TRY TO, TO

48:31 - LEAVE, TO EVEN GET LETTERS TO

48:33 - PEOPLE. I'M TRYING TO GET

48:34 - SUPPLIES, TRYING TO FIGURE OUT

48:36 - WHAT'S HAPPENING AT FORT PITT

48:37 - PIT. THE IS FOR PITT GETS PUT

48:39 - UNDER SIEGE. SO IT'S A VERY

48:41 - FEARFUL AND UNCERTAIN TIME FOR

48:44 - THE GARRISONS ALONG THE FORBES

48:46 - ROAD IN 17. 63 KNOW THAT THEIR

48:49 - SONS WERE AT LARGE.

48:51 - >>BUT SIMPLY BY HAVING A 4 HERE

48:52 - FOR THAT NUMBER OF YEARS, YOU

48:54 - HAD SETTLEMENTS THE DEVELOPED

48:55 - AROUND HERE. WELL, THE PEOPLE

48:57 - IN THOSE SETTLEMENTS ON THE

48:58 - FIRST SIGN OF AN INDIAN ATTACK

48:59 - ON AN ALARM. CALL THEM ALARMS

49:02 - BACK THEN WHAT ALL RUSHED TO

49:03 - FORT LIGONIER TO THE CLOSEST

49:05 - PORT AND THEN THEY WOULD HELP

49:06 - THE DEFENDERS. SO THAT'S ONE OF

49:08 - THE REASONS WHY THE 4 WAS NEVER

49:09 - TAKEN. INDIANS ALSO ROSE UP

49:11 - BECAUSE THEY KEPT GETTING

49:12 - PROMISED.

49:14 - THE FRENCH FATHER WAS GOING TO

49:16 - COME BACK AND THE BIG WHITE

49:18 - SALE VESSELS AND THE WHITE CLAD

49:20 - SOLDIERS WERE ONCE AGAIN GOING

49:22 - TO DRIVE THE REDCOATS FROM THE

49:24 - TERRITORY? WELL, THEY WERE

49:26 - QUITE CERTAIN IT WAS GOING TO

49:28 - WHEN IT DIDN'T.

49:30 - AND THEY'RE THEY'RE REBELLION

49:32 - COLLAPSED QUICKLY.

49:34 - >>CAN WE TALK ABOUT THE

49:35 - MILITARY AND A FORT LIGONIER IN

49:37 - 17? 66, WHAT BROUGHT THAT ON

49:39 - AND HOW DO YOU ELIMINATE A

49:41 - PLACE THAT WAS SO IMPORTANT

49:42 - FOR SO LONG?

49:45 - >>WHY? YEAH, IT WASN'T REALLY

49:48 - BUILT. IT WASN'T ANY OF THAT.

49:51 - >>THE ORIGINAL IDEA FOR THE

49:52 - FORT WAS TO BUILD SOMETHING

49:53 - THAT WAS GOING TO LAST FOR THE

49:55 - LENGTH OF THE CAMPAIGN, WHICH

49:56 - WOULD BE ABOUT 8 MONTHS.

49:58 - AND IF IT LASTED FOR 8 WITHOUT

50:01 - SERVED, YOU KNOW WHAT IT HAD

50:03 - ORIGINALLY BEEN DESIGNED FOR.

50:07 - IT'S A LARGE STRUCTURE. SAME

50:08 - AS BEDFORD THE ONLY THING THAT

50:11 - THE CALL THAT THE COLONY OF

50:13 - PENNSYLVANIA WAS INTERESTED IN

50:15 - WAS THE UP KEEPING THE

50:16 - MAINTENANCE FORT PITT BECAUSE

50:20 - IT WAS IMPORTANT TO THEM FOR

50:21 - LIGONIER TO THEM WASN'T THAT

50:22 - AND ONCE YOU HAVE REDUCE

50:24 - DRAMATICALLY THE INCIDENT, THE

50:26 - INDIAN HOSTILITY OR THE THREAT

50:28 - THAT THERE'S GOING TO BE

50:29 - ANOTHER FRENCH INVASION.

50:31 - THEY CAN MOVE THE ASSEMBLY AND

50:34 - PENNSYLVANIA CAN SEE WHY THEY

50:35 - NEED TO FUND ALL THESE OTHER

50:36 - PLACES. SO THEY DON'T AND STILL

50:39 - THERE'S NO REPAIR. SO WOULD

50:43 - SOT BLOCKS THAT FORM THE

50:45 - BATTERIES. DISINTEGRATE.

50:48 - YOU MAKE THE DECISION TO

50:49 - DECOMMISSION THE FORT. AND EVEN

50:52 - BACK THEN WE HAD SCRAPPERS AND

50:55 - PEOPLE THAT WANTED TO ADAPTIVE

50:56 - REUSE AND THEY CAME IN AND MADE

50:59 - USE OF EVERYTHING THAT WAS

51:00 - HERE.

51:01 - WE USED TO JOKE BACK AND FORTH.

51:03 - THAT DOOR IS A STORY WAS TOLD

51:05 - THAT THE SETTLERS CAME IN AND

51:06 - THEY BURNED ALL THE BUILDINGS

51:07 - DOWN SO THEY CAN GET THE

51:08 - IRONWORK OUT OF IT.

51:12 - THAT IS JUST THE FICTION.

51:13 - WHILE A NIGHT. I KNOW HOW HARD

51:15 - IT IS TO MAKE A LOT FOR

51:16 - BUILDING. WHY WOULD I GO BURN

51:18 - ONE WHEN I CAN TAKE IT APART.

51:19 - DRAGGED MY PLACE WITH A HORSE.

51:21 - PUT IT BACK UP AGAIN. AND I'VE

51:22 - GOT SOMEBODY ELSE TO DO MY WORK

51:24 - FOR ME.

51:26 - THEY DIDN'T DO THAT. IF THERE

51:27 - WAS SOME DEBRIS, THEIR

51:28 - IDENTITY, THE BEEN BURNED, THAT

51:30 - THEY WOULD JUST TAKE WHAT THEY

51:31 - WANTED HIM AND THEN LEFT THERE.

51:32 - THEY'RE NOT GOING TO WASTE

51:34 - ANYTHING.

51:35 - >>YEAH. AND AND FORT LEE NEAR

51:37 - WAS OFFICIALLY DECOMMISSIONED

51:39 - IN 17. 66 AND ARTHUR, SAINT

51:41 - CLAIR BECAME ITS CIVIL

51:43 - CARETAKER. AT THAT HE HAD BEEN

51:45 - AN DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN

51:48 - WAR AS WELL AND AND WOULD GO ON

51:50 - TO BE ONE IN THE THE AMERICAN

51:51 - REVOLUTION.

51:53 - >>AND THEY BUILD OTHER FORTS TO

51:54 - THE AREA. SO AND THEY JUST

51:57 - DIDN'T KEEP THIS ONE OUT.

51:59 - EVENTUALLY HOUSES. NOW I'VE

52:02 - GOT MOST OF THOSE GONE.

52:04 - >>WE'VE SEEN IN A FEW BATTLES

52:06 - HERE. WE'VE SEEN LOTS OF PEOPLE

52:07 - COME THROUGH. WE HAVE THIS

52:09 - GREAT SITE AND MUSEUM TODAY.

52:11 - WHAT DO YOU FEEL? IT SHOULD

52:13 - BE THE ULTIMATE LEGACY OF FORT

52:15 - LIGONIER.

52:16 - >>WELL, FOR LEAGUES, WHEN YOU

52:18 - COME TO A PLACE LIKE FORT LEE

52:19 - IN THE AIR, YOU'RE NOT JUST

52:21 - COMING TO A PLACE OF LOCAL

52:23 - HISTORY OR EVEN NATIONAL

52:25 - HISTORY. IT'S A PLACE OF GLOBAL

52:26 - HISTORY. YOU KNOW THIS, THIS

52:28 - 17 58, WHAT WAS HAPPENING HERE.

52:31 - THERE ARE THINGS HAPPENING ALL

52:32 - OVER THE WORLD. YOU KNOW, THE

52:33 - 7 YEARS WORDS REALLY, IT'S

52:35 - REALLY IS THE FIRST WORLD WAR

52:38 - AND WITHOUT WHAT HAPPENED HERE

52:41 - AT FORT LEE, GET NEAR. YOU

52:43 - WOULDN'T HAVE PITTSBURGH.

52:45 - SO REALLY FOR LEAGUE. AND HERE

52:47 - IS A BIG REASON WHY PITTSBURGH

52:48 - IS WHAT IT IS. WE COULD BE

52:50 - SPEAKING FRENCH YET.

52:53 - >>WELL, WE COULD BE SPEAKING

52:57 - >>THE OTHER THING THAT YOU NEED

52:58 - TO SEE WHEN YOU COME TO FORE

53:00 - LOOKING, IF YOU'RE GOING TO SEE

53:01 - THINGS AT THIS INSTITUTION THAT

53:03 - YOU WON'T SEE ANYWHERE ELSE

53:04 - IN THE REGION, THE STATE.

53:07 - NOT ALL IN ONE PLACE. SO IT IS

53:09 - A WORLD CLASS EXHIBITION.

53:11 - THE WORLD ABLAZE, THE ART

53:13 - GALLERY. THE THINGS THAT ARE

53:17 - YOU DON'T FIND IT AT A STATE

53:19 - SITE.

53:21 - I WILL JUST BECAUSE FORT

53:22 - LIGONIER YEARS FROM ITS

53:24 - INCEPTION TO TODAY, AS ALWAYS

53:26 - BEEN RELATIVELY UNIQUE. WHAT

53:27 - HAS THE OPPORTUNITY TO DO A LOT

53:29 - MORE THE FOCUS THAT WE HAVE NO

53:31 - AND EDUCATION AS BEING AN

53:33 - EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE. WE JUST

53:35 - WANT THAT THE BLOOM AND GET

53:36 - BETTER AND THAT AS WE TALKED,

53:37 - WE DO BACK AND FORTH ABOUT

53:39 - DOING THESE REENACTMENTS JUST

53:42 - TO BE ABLE TO TAKE A COMPLETE

53:43 - RAIN OF ARTILLERY MARJAH.

53:45 - DON'T FORBES ROAD WITH

53:47 - RE-ENACTORS AND THEN FILM IT.

53:50 - ACTUALLY, I THINK YOU FILL MANY

53:51 - MORE VIDEOTAPE OR DIGITAL TO DO

53:53 - IT. AND THEN YOU HAVE THAT

53:54 - PRESERVED. NOW YOU HAVE AN

53:56 - EDUCATIONAL TOOL THAT YOU

53:58 - CREATED AND YOU CAN USE A

53:59 - LITTLE OVER AND OVER AND OVER

54:00 - AGAIN. A LOT OF PLACES. THAT'S

54:02 - WHAT

54:03 - WE'RE LIVE IN AREAS. YEAH,

54:05 - THERE'S NO BETTER WAY TO LEARN

54:06 - ABOUT HISTORY THAN TO GO TO THE

54:08 - PLACES WHERE HISTORY HAPPENED.

54:10 - AND WE HAVE THIS.

54:11 - >>WONDERFUL MUSEUM AND

54:13 - BEAUTIFULLY RECONSTRUCTION IT

54:16 - REALLY DOES TAKE YOU BACK IN

54:17 - TIME AND YOU GET TO WALK IN THE

54:20 - FOOTSTEPS OF OF THOSE PEOPLE

54:21 - THAT WERE HERE 250 YEARS AGO.

54:24 - >>ON THAT NOTE, I'D LIKE TO

54:25 - THANK MY GUESTS FOR JOINING US

54:26 - TODAY. AS ALWAYS. IF YOU HAVE

54:28 - QUESTIONS ABOUT THE DAYS OF

54:30 - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE

54:31 - EPISODES, PLEASE VISIT OUR

54:33 - WEBSITE AT PCN TV DOT COM FOR

54:36 - EVERYONE HERE. BATTLEFIELD

54:37 - PENNSYLVANIA. I'M BREAK RIGHTS

54:39 - ARE SAYING SO LONG.