00:29 - >>HELLO AND WELCOME TO THIS

00:31 - EPISODE OF BATTLEFIELD

00:32 - PENNSYLVANIA.

00:33 - TODAY WE'RE FILMING ON LOCATION

00:35 - AT POINT STATE PARK IN

00:36 - PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, A

00:37 - SITE THAT FOR THE LAST 250

00:39 - YEARS HAS SEEN 5 SEPARATE WARS.

00:42 - HARRISON, HUNDREDS OF SOLDIERS

00:44 - AND FLOWN THE FLAGS OF 3

00:45 - EMPIRES. I'M YOUR HOST BREAK,

00:47 - RIGHT, SIR. TODAY, I'M JOINED

00:49 - BY ALLEN GOT JUST THE DIRECTOR

00:50 - OF THE FORT PITT MUSEUM, A

00:52 - MEMBER OF THE SENATOR, JOHN

00:53 - HEINZ HISTORY CENTER. ALLEN,

00:55 - THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE.

00:56 - THAT'S GREAT TO JOIN. YOU HAD

00:58 - >>WHENEVER WE THINK ABOUT

00:59 - HISTORY, WHENEVER WE THINK

01:00 - ABOUT MAJOR EVENTS, ONE OF THE

01:02 - THINGS WE OFTEN DISCREDIT IS

01:05 - THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE REGION

01:06 - ITSELF.

01:07 - TALK ABOUT THE NATURAL FEATURES

01:08 - OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA AND

01:10 - WHY EUROPE'S 2 LARGEST EMPIRE

01:11 - WERE SO ANXIOUS TO CONTROL IT.

01:13 - >>A WESTERN WAS A TREMENDOUS

01:16 - AREA OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

01:17 - SO THAT WAS ONE OF THE MAJOR

01:19 - THINGS THAT BOTH POWERS WERE

01:20 - AFTER PART OF THAT NATURAL

01:23 - RESOURCES WITH INVOLVE THE FUR

01:24 - TRADE. SO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS

01:26 - OF DEER HIDES WERE COMING OUT

01:28 - OF THE OHIO COUNTRY EVERY YEAR.

01:30 - THEY'RE ALSO WITH THE RIVERS,

01:31 - WHICH WOULD TAKE YOU MUCH

01:32 - FARTHER TO THE WEST AS WELL AS

01:35 - JUST THE LAND ITSELF IN THE

01:36 - TIMBER. SO FOR BOTH POWERS

01:39 - BEING ABLE TO CONTROL, WAS

01:41 - REALLY A GREAT PRIZE.

01:42 - >>ONE OF THE WAYS I LIKE TO

01:43 - DESCRIBE PLAYING AMERICA IS

01:45 - REALLY AN UNTAMED LAND. AND IN

01:47 - MANY WAYS IT HAD ITS OWN

01:48 - BUILT-IN SUPERHIGHWAYS. HOW

01:51 - DID THE EMPIRES OF EUROPE AND

01:52 - VISION USING THESE RIVERS FOR

01:54 - EXPANSION?

01:55 - >>WELL, THE POINT IS REALLY

01:57 - HERE, IDEALLY SITUATED SO THAT

01:59 - THE RIVERS THEMSELVES GIVE YOU

02:01 - ACCESS DOWN THE OHIO RIVER ALL

02:03 - THE WAY TO NEW ORLEANS, THE

02:05 - ALLEGHENY RIVER FLOWS DOWN FROM

02:08 - THE NORTHEAST. AND SO YOU HAVE

02:09 - ACCESS UP IN THE FRENCH, CANADA

02:11 - AND THE MONONGAHELA RIVER.

02:13 - ITS HEAD WATERS TAKING WITHIN

02:15 - 10 MILES OF THE HEAD WATERS OF

02:16 - THE POTOMAC. SO YOU ALSO HAVE

02:17 - ACCESS TO ESSENTIALLY BRITISH

02:19 - NORTH AMERICA THROUGH THAT

02:21 - DIRECTION. SO BY AGAIN, HAVING

02:23 - THIS THIS LAND BEING ABLE TO

02:25 - CONTROL IT AND ESPECIALLY TO

02:27 - CONTROL THE RIVERS GAVE ME A

02:28 - TREMENDOUS POWER.

02:30 - >>WHENEVER THE EUROPEANS

02:32 - PLANNED THEIR GRAND DESIGN FOR

02:33 - THE REGION, THEY OFTEN DIDN'T

02:35 - ENOUGH TAKE INTO ACCOUNT.

02:36 - THE PEOPLE WHO ARE ALREADY

02:37 - HERE, THE AREA IN WHICH WE'RE

02:38 - FILMING NOW KNOWN AS THE OHIO

02:40 - COUNTRY WAS A LAND OF MANY

02:41 - PEOPLE'S SOME OF YOU TO CALL

02:42 - THE COUNTRY OF REFUGEES WHO

02:44 - WERE THESE PEOPLE AND HOW DID

02:45 - THEY COME TO THIS REGION?

02:47 - SO

02:47 - >>WE KIND OF A QUICK PREHISTORY

02:49 - THERE. THERE WERE VARIOUS

02:50 - NATIVE CULTURES THAT HAD

02:51 - OCCUPIED THE OHIO COUNTRY

02:53 - REALLY FROM THIS POINT ON

02:54 - FARTHER WEST

02:56 - BUT IN THE YEARS PRECEDING THE

02:58 - THE 18TH CENTURY BETWEEN THE

03:00 - BEAVER WARS, BETWEEN WARS

03:02 - BETWEEN THE NATIVES THEMSELVES

03:03 - FOR CONTROL, THE FUR TRADE AND

03:05 - BECAUSE OF INTRODUCED EUROPEAN

03:06 - DISEASES, WHICH OFTEN MADE IT

03:08 - INTO THE BACK COUNTRY LONG

03:10 - BEFORE EUROPEANS THEMSELVES.

03:12 - THE NEVER GOT THIS FAR THAT

03:13 - LARGELY TO POPULATED THE

03:15 - COUNTRY HERE SO SLOWLY IN THE

03:16 - BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY

03:19 - TO FOLKS STARTED COMING BACK

03:20 - IN. WE SEE THE DELAWARE PEOPLE

03:22 - WHO WERE PRIMARILY FROM WAR OF

03:24 - EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, NEW

03:26 - JERSEY AND NEW YORK WHO HAD

03:27 - ENTERED INTO THIS AREA

03:28 - SHAWNEE'S WHO TRADITIONALLY

03:30 - LIVE FARTHER TO THE SOUTH AND

03:32 - ALSO BECAUSE THE OHIO COUNTRY

03:34 - SITS ON THE EDGE OF THE

03:35 - IROQUOIS EMPIRE. THE 2 WESTERN

03:37 - MOST IROQUOIS TRIBES, THE

03:38 - SENECA AND CAYUGA. ALSO.

03:40 - AND WE'RE FILTERING INTO THE

03:42 - OHIO COUNTRY. AND SO WHEN THE

03:44 - ENGLISH AND THE AND THE FRENCH

03:46 - WERE COMING OUT HERE, THE

03:47 - NATIVE PEOPLE THEY ARE

03:48 - ENCOUNTERING. WE'RE ALSO KIND

03:49 - OF NEWCOMERS AS WELL. SO IT'S A

03:51 - LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT THAN THE

03:52 - SITUATIONS TO THE EAST.

03:54 - >>WE ALSO HAVE THIS IDEA THAT

03:56 - EUROPEANS ARRIVED IN THIS

03:58 - LONGSTANDING INDIAN WORLD.

03:59 - REALLY, WE KNOW THAT

04:00 - POLITICALLY. IT'S VERY

04:01 - TUMULTUOUS. ALWAYS CHANGING.

04:03 - AND WHEN EUROPEAN POWERS

04:04 - INTRODUCED THEY RADICALLY

04:06 - CHANGE THINGS AS WELL. AND 17.

04:08 - 53, A YOUNG 21 YEAR-OLD

04:10 - VIRGINIA MILITIA CAPTAIN NAMED

04:12 - GEORGE WASHINGTON, STOOD ON

04:13 - THIS VERY SITE AND HE BELIEVED

04:15 - WAS AN IDEAL LOCATION FOR A

04:16 - FORT. FROM WHAT GEORGE

04:18 - WASHINGTON SAW 250 YEARS AGO

04:21 - PHYSICALLY. HOW'S THIS LOCATION

04:22 - CHANGE TODAY?

04:23 - >>THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF THE

04:25 - POINT ITSELF US PHYSICALLY

04:27 - CHANGED IN THE SENSE THAT OVER

04:29 - TIME AS IT WAS THE POINT ITSELF

04:32 - HAS BEEN RAISED HIGHER. THE

04:33 - RIVERS ARE NOW DEEPER, BUT NOT

04:35 - AS WIDE AS THEY ONCE WERE.

04:37 - AND SO I DON'T KNOW THAT GEORGE

04:38 - WASHINGTON WOULD HAVE INSTANTLY

04:40 - RECOGNIZE TO POINT STATE PARK

04:42 - IS THE LOCATION THAT HE HAD

04:43 - SEEN IN 17. 53, WHEN WE GO TO

04:46 - THE FOR TODAY.

04:47 - >>VISITORS WHO ARE FAMILIAR

04:48 - WITH THE HISTORY ARE GOING TO

04:49 - SEE 2 VERY CLEARLY DEFINED A

04:52 - SMALLER FORTIFICATION, WHICH

04:53 - WE'LL TALK ABOUT 4 TO KANE.

04:55 - AND OF COURSE, THE MUCH LARGER

04:56 - FORT PITT. BUT THOSE WERE THE

04:58 - FIRST TO FORT ON SITE. TALK

04:59 - ABOUT THE VERY FIRST FORTVILLE

05:01 - HERE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF IT

05:03 - FOR BOTH THE EUROPEANS AND THE

05:04 - NATIVES INVOLVED.

05:06 - >>SO THE THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO

05:07 - TO ACTUALLY BUILD THE FORT TOOK

05:09 - PLACE AT THE BEHEST OF THE OHIO

05:11 - COMPANY. SO IT'S KIND OF A

05:13 - JOINT SUPPORTED BY THE BRITISH

05:15 - GOVERNMENT, SUPPORTED BY THE

05:16 - GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA, BUT

05:17 - KIND OF A PRIVATE ENTERPRISE

05:19 - INVOLVED IN THE FUR TRADE AND

05:21 - GOVERNOR DID WINDY OF VIRGINIA

05:23 - HAD AUTHORIZED THE BUILDING OF

05:24 - A SMALL ESSENTIALLY WHAT WOULD

05:27 - AMOUNT TO LITTLE MORE THAN A TO

05:28 - TRADING POST THE CONSTRUCTION

05:32 - OF A BB GUN. I DON'T THINK

05:35 - ORIGINALLY THEY EVEN INTENDED

05:36 - TO STOCKADE, BUT THEY REALIZE

05:38 - THAT FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES

05:39 - THEY SHOULD PUT UP TICKETS

05:40 - AROUND IT. BUT THE FORT AS IT

05:43 - WAS CALLED TRANSPORT. I THINK

05:44 - THEY INTENDED TO NAME IT FOR

05:46 - PRINCE GEORGE, BUT IT WAS

05:48 - REALLY A VERY SMALL ATTEMPT.

05:50 - UNFORTUNATELY, BEFORE THEY EVER

05:51 - EVEN REALLY HAD FINISHED THE

05:53 - FRENCH KIND OF ARRIVED EN MASSE

05:56 - WITH SOME OF THEIR INDIAN

05:57 - ALLIES, REMINDED THEM THAT FROM

05:59 - THE FRENCH POINT OF VIEW, THIS

06:00 - WAS NEW FRANCE, NOT ENGLAND

06:03 - RECOMMENDED THEY LEAVE AND THEY

06:05 - DID. SO THEY ABANDONED THE THE

06:07 - POST TO THE FRENCH.

06:08 - >>NOW YOU YOU MENTIONED EARLY

06:10 - ON, THIS WAS MUCH LESS A FORT,

06:11 - MUCH MORE EFFECTIVELY TRADING

06:13 - POST.

06:14 - THE TRUCK GOT RAIN IN THE

06:15 - INDIAN WORLD'S A MAJOR PART

06:16 - OF THEIR LIFE. IT'S A MAJOR

06:17 - PART OF EUROPE'S INTERACTIONS

06:19 - THIS AREA. WHAT THE TRADE MEAN

06:21 - TO THE AVERAGE INDIAN

06:21 - COMMUNITY? WELL.

06:23 - >>NATIVE FOLKS HAD BECOME

06:25 - LARGELY DEPENDENT ON EUROPEAN

06:27 - GOODS ALREADY AT CONTACT

06:30 - EUROPEAN GOODS AND EVEN ALTERED

06:32 - EVERYTHING TO DO WITH THEIR

06:34 - THEY BECAME DEPENDENT ON

06:35 - EUROPEAN FIREARMS FOR HUNTING.

06:38 - THEY BECAME DEPENDENT ON EVEN

06:39 - THINGS AS SIMPLE METAL,

06:41 - HATCHETS AND COOKING UTENSILS.

06:44 - IT AND SO ANY TIME THAT THE

06:46 - ENGLISH COULD COME INTO WHAT

06:48 - ESSENTIALLY WAS FRENCH

06:49 - TERRITORY AND SET UP TRADE WITH

06:51 - THE NATIVES. IT WORK

06:53 - POLITICALLY TO KIND OF PRY

06:54 - THOSE NATIVES FREE FROM THEIR

06:57 - AFFECTION TO THE FRENCH AND

06:59 - BROUGHT THEM OVER TO THE SIDE

07:00 - OF THE ENGLISH.

07:01 - >>SO TRAIN ITSELF WAS A

07:03 - POLITICAL TACTIC IN MANY

07:05 - ABSOLUTELY.

07:06 - >>AND ITS POLITICAL AND ITS

07:08 - SO THAT IF YOU CAN WIN THE

07:10 - NATIVES AFFECTIONS, IF THEY

07:11 - RELY ON YOU AS THEIR PRIMARY

07:13 - TRADING PARTNER, THEY'RE LESS

07:14 - LIKELY TO AND WARFARE AS WELL.

07:17 - SO TRADE WAS USED AS A TACTIC,

07:20 - A MILITARILY.

07:22 - >>NOW BETWEEN 17, 53 IN 17, 54

07:24 - OBVIOUSLY BOTH BRITAIN AND

07:26 - FRANCE UNDERSTAND THAT THE

07:28 - SITUATION YOU JUST DESCRIBED,

07:30 - THE FRENCH MAKE A MASSIVE

07:31 - INVESTMENT IN THE OHIO COUNTRY.

07:33 - WHAT WE'RE THERE IN THEORY,

07:35 - STRATEGIC GAINS AND HOW WOULD

07:37 - THAT HELP THEM CONTROL? BUT

07:38 - THEY HOPE WILL BE THE ENTIRE

07:39 - CONTINENT. SURE. SO IF YOU KIND

07:41 - OF BACK UP AND LOOK AT THE BIG

07:43 - PERSPECTIVE,

07:44 - >>FRANCE AND ITS ATTEMPTS TO TO

07:46 - HAVE COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS.

07:50 - THEY WERE CENTERED IN CANADA,

07:52 - WHICH MOST PEOPLE ARE AWARE OF.

07:54 - BUT THEY ALSO HAD ESTABLISHED

07:55 - COLONIES. AND WHAT IS THE

07:57 - ILLINOIS COUNTRY AS WELL AS

07:59 - DOWN IN LOUISIANA? SO

08:00 - ESSENTIALLY THE FRENCH OF KIND

08:01 - OF CREATED A VERY LOOSE NAP SO

08:04 - THAT THEY'VE THROWN OVER A

08:05 - LARGE PART OF THE FRONTIER BUT

08:09 - IT IS KIND OF VERY LOOSE.

08:10 - SO THEY THE HAVE THESE KIND

08:12 - OF OUTPOSTS AND SETTLEMENTS,

08:14 - BUT THEY DON'T REALLY CONTROL

08:16 - THE COUNTRY IN BETWEEN THE

08:18 - ENGLISH KIND OF TOOK ADVANTAGE

08:20 - OF THAT, SOME DEGREE. THE

08:21 - ENGLISH ARE PRIMARILY SETTLED

08:22 - ON THE EAST COAST, BUT THEY

08:23 - SENT TRADERS TO THESE INDIAN

08:25 - VILLAGES AND AN ESTABLISHED

08:26 - THEMSELVES. SO IN THE FRENCH

08:29 - VIEW THIS TERRITORY IS BEING

08:31 - THEIRS, BUT THEY HAVEN'T

08:32 - ACTUALLY DONE MUCH TO OCCUPY

08:34 - THE MIDDLE PART OF IT. SO

08:36 - BEGINNING ABOUT THAT TIME, THEY

08:38 - DECIDED THAT THEY WOULD

08:39 - ACTUALLY START THAT OCCUPATION

08:40 - IN 17. 49 SAILOR ON CAME

08:43 - THROUGH AND KIND OF MADE A LOOP

08:45 - THROUGH THE OHIO COUNTRY AND

08:46 - BACK UP INTO THE GREAT LAKES

08:49 - THE BERRY LEAD PLATES AND HE

08:51 - PUT UP METAL SIGNS THAT

08:52 - BASICALLY DECLARED THIS REGION

08:54 - TO BE NEW FRANCE AND THEN

08:56 - STARTING IN THE EARLY 17 50'S,

08:58 - THEY ACTUALLY PHYSICALLY

08:59 - STARTED TO COME IN AND BUILD

09:00 - A SERIES OF FORTS STRETCHING

09:02 - DOWN FROM LAKE ERIE DOWN TO

09:04 - THE POINT ITSELF. I'D LIKE TO

09:06 - TALK ABOUT THE FOR A MOMENT.

09:08 - BUT WHEN YOU DESCRIBE THE

09:09 - WORLD, YOU JUST YOU JUST SAID

09:10 - WE HAVE THE HEART OF NEW BEING

09:13 - IN THE.

09:14 - >>SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER VALLEY.

09:15 - YOU HAVE I'LL POST OF SORTS IN

09:17 - THE GREAT LAKES. YOU HAVE THE

09:18 - ILLINOIS AND OF COURSE, NEW

09:20 - ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, THAT

09:21 - REGION, THEY'RE IN THE MIDDLE,

09:23 - OF COURSE, IS RIGHT WHERE WE

09:24 - SIT SO CONTROLLING. THIS

09:25 - LOCATION IS VITAL TO CONNECTING

09:27 - THE ENTIRE EMPIRE THAT REALLY

09:28 - STRETCH THE DISTANCE FROM WHAT

09:30 - COULD BE COMPARABLE TO PARIS

09:31 - TO MOSCOW. OUT THAT THOUGHT.

09:35 - 3 FOURTHS WILL BE BUILT IN 17.

09:37 - 53 IN 17. 54 BEFORE THEY REACH

09:39 - HERE, TOO. I WAS THIS ALWAYS

09:41 - THE GOAL.

09:42 - >>YES, I THINK THAT ULTIMATELY

09:44 - THEY ALWAYS WANTED TO HAVE THE

09:45 - SMALL STRING OF FORTS AND PART

09:47 - OF THE REASON I THINK THEY

09:48 - WANTED TO BUILD A STRING OF

09:49 - THEM FROM LAKE ERIE WAS SO THAT

09:50 - THEY COULD SUPPLY AND REINFORCE

09:52 - EACH OTHER SO THAT IF ANYONE

09:53 - FOR IT WAS TO COME UNDER

09:55 - ATTACK, THEY COULD SEND FOR

09:56 - HELP FROM THE OTHERS. DUQUESNE

09:59 - I'M NAMED AFTER THE GOVERNOR

10:01 - GENERAL OF CANADA AT THE TIME

10:04 - WAS GOING TO BE THE KIND OF

10:05 - AND POST OF THAT. THERE WAS

10:08 - SOME DISCUSSION ABOUT EXACTLY

10:09 - EVEN WHERE TO BUILD IT. THERE

10:10 - WAS SOME THOUGHT OF BUILDING IT

10:12 - DOWN THE OHIO RIVER, A SHORT

10:13 - DISTANCE WHERE THERE WAS A

10:14 - PREEXISTING AND OF NATIVE

10:16 - COMMUNITY IN TRADING POST

10:17 - CALLED LOGS TOWN.

10:20 - I THINK LIKE GEORGE WASHINGTON,

10:22 - THEY KIND OF YOU THIS PROPERTY,

10:24 - AS BEING THE MORE IDEAL, MOSTLY

10:26 - BECAUSE IT PHYSICALLY IT WOULD

10:27 - ALLOW YOU TO CONTROL THE 3

10:30 - RIVERS IF YOU LOOK AT A DRAWING

10:33 - OF THE 0, 2, FROM THE AIR, IT

10:36 - APPEARS TO BE THIS KIND OF

10:38 - IDEAL LOCATION WHEN THEY

10:39 - ACTUALLY GOT HERE ON THE

10:40 - GROUND, BOTH THE FRENCH AND THE

10:42 - ENGLISH WOULD EVENTUALLY

10:43 - REALIZE THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE

10:44 - SOME POTENTIAL WEAKNESSES TO

10:45 - IT. ONE OF THE PRIMARY ONES

10:48 - IS THAT IT'S NOT TREMENDOUSLY

10:49 - ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE RIVERS

10:51 - THIS RIVER VALLEY FLOODS.

10:53 - AND SO THAT WAS ALWAYS GOING TO

10:55 - BE AN ISSUE. AND THE OTHER

10:56 - PROBLEM FOR AFFORD AT THE

10:58 - FORKS, IT'S ALSO GOING TO BE

11:00 - THE LARGE HILL SITTING BEHIND

11:03 - US WHAT WE CALL MOUNT

11:04 - WASHINGTON TODAY, WHICH

11:06 - EVERYONE REALIZE THAT IF YOUR

11:07 - ENEMY WAS ABLE TO BRING ANY

11:09 - HEAVY ARTILLERY UP TO THE TOP

11:10 - OF THAT MOUNTAIN. BUT ANY FOR

11:12 - 2 DOWN AT THE FORKS, THE OHIO

11:14 - WOULD ALWAYS BE VULNERABLE TO

11:15 - ATTACK FROM THERE.

11:16 - >>NOW, ASIDE FROM THE THE

11:18 - GLARING PROBLEMS YOU JUST

11:19 - MENTIONED, THE FRENCH NEVER

11:21 - HESITATE TO MOVE FORWARD AND

11:23 - THEY BUILD WHAT MANY WOULD

11:23 - CONSIDER TO BE A VERY MODEST

11:25 - PORT IN 17. 54 ON LOCATION.

11:27 - COULD YOU PHYSICALLY WHAT 44

11:30 - BECAME WOULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE

11:31 - AND WHY THEY NEVER FROM THAT

11:34 - IDEA OF BUILDING IT. DESPITE

11:35 - ALL OF THE PROBLEMS YOU ALREADY

11:36 - MENTIONED. YEAH. I THINK THEY

11:37 - REALIZE THAT IF THEY WERE GOING

11:39 - TO CONTROL THE FUR TRADE, IF

11:41 - THEY WERE GOING TO HAVE ANY

11:42 - REAL HARD INFLUENCE ON THEIR

11:43 - NATIVE PARTNERS.

11:45 - >>THEY HAD TO HAVE AN ACTUAL

11:46 - PHYSICAL PRESENCE OUT HERE.

11:49 - YOU KANE ITSELF WAS AN

11:50 - EXTREMELY SMALL FOR A I THINK,

11:52 - WAS ONLY ABOUT 120 FEET ACROSS.

11:54 - THAT FOR BASTION FOR IT.

11:57 - AND EVEN THOSE BASTIONS, MOST

11:58 - OF THEM HAVE HOUSES BUILT ON

12:00 - THEM. THE GARRISON THEY'RE AT

12:03 - THAT

12:05 - REALLY WAS AROUND 200 MEN, 250

12:08 - MEN, USUALLY SOMETIMES UP TO

12:09 - DOUBLE THAT. BUT THERE WASN'T

12:11 - EVEN ENOUGH ROOM WITH HIM TO

12:12 - CAME TO ACTUALLY BILL AT ALL OF

12:14 - THOSE MEN. SO ALMOST

12:16 - IMMEDIATELY, SOME OF THE FRENCH

12:17 - SOLDIERS WERE STAYING IN TENTS

12:19 - AND EVEN AROUND THIS VERY TINY

12:21 - 40 CAME, WHICH WAS A WOODEN

12:22 - FORT. I'M KIND OF A SMALL

12:25 - VILLAGE, IF YOU WILL, ROSE UP

12:27 - AT LEAST ONE OF THE SOLDIER

12:28 - STATION HERE DESCRIBE LIVING

12:30 - IN A CABIN OFF SITE

12:33 - SO HE CAME WAS NEVER REALLY

12:35 - KIND OF THIS POWERHOUSE AND IN

12:36 - MOUNT VERY MUCH ARTILLERY.

12:38 - IT WASN'T A VERY IMPOSING FOR

12:40 - EVEN THE FRENCH COMMANDERS KIND

12:42 - OF ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THEY KNEW

12:44 - THEY WERE EXTREMELY VULNERABLE.

12:46 - BUT AS A SYMBOL OF THE FRENCH

12:48 - BEING HERE ACTUALLY

12:50 - REPRESENTING THEMSELVES IN THE

12:51 - OHIO COUNTRY WAS EXTREMELY

12:53 - IMPORTANT. IT BECAME A SOURCE

12:55 - OF SUPPLY. SO. ONE SAILOR ON IT

12:58 - COME THROUGH JUST 5 YEARS

12:59 - EARLIER, MOST OF THE INDIANS HE

13:01 - ENCOUNTERED WERE ACTUALLY

13:02 - FAIRLY HOSTILE TO THE FRENCH.

13:04 - THEY LIKED HAVING THOSE ENGLISH

13:05 - TRADERS. BUT BY THE TIME, FORT

13:08 - DUQUESNE IS BUILT THE NATIVES

13:09 - IN THE REGION HAVE SOFTENED TO

13:11 - THE FRENCH. IT ALLOWS THEM A

13:12 - SOURCE OF SUPPLY. SO IF THEY

13:14 - WANT TO ATTACK THE ENGLISH

13:15 - TAKEN, GET THEIR GUN POWDER,

13:16 - THEY CAN GET LEAD. THEY CAN GET

13:17 - ARMS HERE. AND SO IT BECAME A

13:20 - REALLY BECAME YOU KNOW, AGAIN,

13:22 - A SYMBOL EVEN STRONGER THAN ITS

13:25 - ACTUAL DEFENSES WERE.

13:27 - >>ONE OF THE THINGS I ALWAYS

13:28 - STRESS ABOUT EMPIRE IS THAT

13:29 - IN MANY WAYS YOU'RE SPREADING

13:31 - YOUR WORLD VIEW TO PLACES WHERE

13:32 - DIDN'T EXIST BEFORE FOR

13:33 - DUQUESNE WAS VERY MINOR.

13:35 - BUT IF YOU LOOK AT HOW THE

13:36 - FRENCH WERE SPREADING IN THE

13:37 - AREA, YOU'LL SEE THEY MAKE A

13:38 - VERY SPECIFIC CLAIM THAT THE

13:41 - CATHOLIC CHURCH HAD A PRESENCE

13:42 - AS EARLY AS 17. 54 IN THIS

13:44 - REGION. NOW, IT SEEMS LIKE

13:46 - BRINGING AN INTERVIEW LIKE THE

13:47 - CHURCH IN THE REGION WOULD BE

13:50 - LOWER ON THE ON THE LIST OF

13:51 - PRIORITIES TO BASIC SURVIVAL.

13:53 - BUT IT WAS REALLY IMPORTANT.

13:54 - AND HOW IMPORTANT WAS THEIR

13:55 - RELIGION FOR BOTH THE FRENCH

13:57 - AND THE ENGLISH IN TERMS OF

13:59 - THEIR VIEW OF COMPETITION,

14:00 - ESPECIALLY IN THIS REGION IN

14:01 - 17. 54 IN MANY WAYS OF ALL THIS

14:06 - >>THE FRENCH A CERTAIN

14:07 - ADVANTAGE OVER THE ENGLISH.

14:08 - THE THE EFFORTS IN NORTH

14:11 - AMERICA, EVEN IN WESTERN

14:12 - PENNSYLVANIA, WE'RE VERY

14:15 - DIVERSE ETHNICALLY RELIGIOUSLY.

14:18 - SO THAT SOLDIERS SAY STATIONED

14:20 - AT FORT PITT LATER ON CAME FROM

14:22 - SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. AND

14:24 - ENGLAND AND FROM THE COMMENT

14:26 - FROM GERMANY. AND SO YOU HAVE

14:28 - THIS VERY DIVERSE POPULATION,

14:30 - LINGUISTICALLY OF A VERY

14:31 - DIVERSE POPULATE POPULATION UP

14:34 - WITH ETHNICITY. AND THAN THE

14:36 - RELIGIOUS BACKGROUNDS FOR THAT

14:38 - CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS A UNIFYING

14:40 - FORCE FOR THE FRENCH EFFORTS

14:42 - AND SO YOU HAVE THE FRENCH ARMY

14:43 - USUALLY DID TRAVEL WITH

14:44 - PRIESTS. THEY TRAVELED WITH US

14:46 - KIND OF RELIGIOUS EXTENSION

14:47 - OF THEMSELVES. AND THAT WAS NO

14:50 - DIFFERENT TO THAT FORT

14:52 - DUQUESNE. SO THEY HAD A PRIEST

14:54 - HERE. THEY HAD

14:57 - THE THE CLERGY EVEN BROUGHT

14:58 - THEIR OWN INDIAN HELPERS WHO

15:00 - ARE CONVERTS FROM CANADA.

15:02 - AND SO WE REALLY HAVE A

15:03 - SITUATION THAT'S VERY DIFFERENT

15:05 - THAN THE WAY THAT THE ENGLISH

15:08 - OPERATED SPECIALLY ON THE

15:09 - FRONTIER.

15:10 - >>WHERE THE NATIVE PEOPLES

15:11 - RECEPTIVE TO THIS MISSIONARY

15:13 - ACTIVITY OR WAS IT SIMPLY

15:14 - ANOTHER FRONT TO ANOTHER POWER

15:16 - MOVING IN AND AFFECTING THEIR

15:17 - WAY OF LIFE? I THINK THE

15:18 - SUCCESS OF CATHOLICISM AMONG

15:20 - THE NATIVES HERE WAS NOT AS

15:22 - DRAMATIC. THEY HAD FAR GREATER

15:25 - SUCCESS WHERE THEY IN THEIR

15:26 - HOLDINGS IN CANADA. SO BENAC

15:29 - EASE THAT CAME AS ALLIES WITH

15:31 - SOME OF THE FRENCH AIR TO FORT

15:32 - DUQUESNE WERE CONVERTED ALREADY

15:34 - BUT IT WAS A LITTLE BIT I THINK

15:37 - MOST OF THE DELAWARE IN SHAWNEE

15:38 - PEOPLE AND MINGO PEOPLE THAT

15:40 - WORK HERE, I DON'T THINK VERY

15:42 - MANY OF THEM KIND OF EMBRACE

15:44 - CATHOLICISM AS MUCH AS THEY

15:46 - EMBRACE THE FRENCH EMPIRE.

15:48 - >>WHATEVER WE THINK OF NEW

15:49 - FRANCE HAS AN EMPIRE. IT'S VERY

15:51 - IMPORTANT TO THINK OF IT.

15:52 - AS A CONNECTED SYSTEM. YOU

15:54 - BEGIN WITH THE HEART OF IT IN

15:55 - CANADA THROUGH THE GREAT LAKES

15:57 - THROUGH A SERIES OF RIVERS THAT

15:58 - CONNECTS IT ALL TOGETHER.

16:00 - THEORETICALLY, IF YOU'RE HERE

16:01 - STATION GARRISON AT FORT

16:02 - DUQUESNE HELP IS ONLY A FEW.

16:06 - CLICKS AWAY UP THE RIVER.

16:07 - BUT WHEN YOU WERE HERE, IF

16:08 - YOU'RE THE AVERAGE FRENCH

16:09 - SOLDIER, DO YOU FEEL LIKE

16:11 - YOU'RE CONNECTED TO THE REST

16:12 - OF YOUR NATIONAL CAN?

16:13 - >>I THINK THEY DID. AND AND

16:15 - THE THE FRENCH ARMY THAT WAS

16:16 - HERE WAS COMPRISED. BOTH OF YOU

16:19 - REGULAR SOME FRENCH MARINE FROM

16:21 - FROM FRANCE ITSELF AS WELL AS

16:22 - A LOT OF CANADIAN MILITIA.

16:25 - AND AGAIN, I THINK THE SHARED

16:26 - LANGUAGE AND THAT SHARED

16:27 - CULTURE WAS MUCH MORE UNIFYING

16:30 - FOR THE FRENCH SOLDIERS HERE,

16:31 - THEM FOR ENGLISH SOLDIERS HERE

16:33 - LATER FOR THAT.

16:34 - >>BUT ISOLATION WAS A CRITICAL

16:35 - PART OF BEING STATION.

16:37 - ABSOLUTELY. YOU KNOW, THE OTHER

16:40 - ISSUE THAT FORT DUQUESNE FACED,

16:42 - THEY COULD GET RESUPPLIED TO

16:43 - SOME DEGREE AM DRAWN EXTRA FROM

16:47 - THESE MORE ADJACENT FORTS.

16:49 - BUT FEEDING THE BEAR, SOME HERE

16:50 - WAS ALWAYS GOING TO BE AN THERE

16:52 - WERE EFFORTS MADE EARLY ON IT

16:54 - PLANTING CORN CERTAINLY BY THE

16:56 - END OF 40 CAME, THEY HAVE MADE

16:59 - REAL EFFORTS AND REAL KIND OF

17:01 - MAKING THEMSELVES A

17:03 - SELF-SUSTAINING COMMUNITY HERE

17:05 - EARLIER ON. THEY WERE

17:06 - COMPLETELY DEPENDENT SPECIALLY

17:08 - ON FOOD SUPPLIES AND ONE POINT

17:10 - EVEN FOOD SUPPLIES ARE BEING

17:11 - BROUGHT IN FROM THE ILLINOIS

17:12 - COUNTRY TO KEEP THEM THE TROOPS

17:14 - FED.

17:15 - >>SO THERE IS A CERTAIN DEGREE

17:16 - OF ISOLATION WHICH JUST COMES

17:18 - FROM BEING IN THE MOST REMOTE

17:19 - FORT IN YOUR REGION.

17:21 - >>ONE OF THE REAL MOTIVATING

17:22 - FACTORS OF EMPIRE. MY OPINION

17:24 - IS COMPETITION FOR 600 YEARS.

17:26 - THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH HAVE

17:27 - BEEN COMPETING AROUND THE

17:28 - WORLD. THEY'RE COMPETING HERE

17:29 - AS WELL. YOU MENTIONED

17:31 - COMMERCIAL INTEREST IN THE OHIO

17:32 - COUNTRY. IMPERIAL INTEREST,

17:34 - MILITARY INTEREST WHEN THE

17:36 - ENGLISH SAW 40 K, WHAT DID THEY

17:41 - >>THEY SAW A MAJOR OBSTACLE

17:43 - TO THEIR I THINK THE ENGLISH

17:45 - SHOULD ALWAYS BEEN AWARE THAT

17:47 - THE FUTURE OF THEIR NORTH

17:48 - AMERICAN HOLDINGS. WE'RE GOING

17:50 - TO BE IN SOME KIND OF WESTWARD

17:51 - EXPANSION AND OBVIOUSLY HAVING

17:54 - THIS FOR REPRESENTING A NEW

17:56 - FRANCE SITTING RIGHT IN THE

17:58 - MIDDLE OF THE SCREEN WAS GOING

18:00 - TO BE AN ISSUE. THE COLONY OF

18:02 - VIRGINIA IN I THINK VIEWED THE

18:06 - WESTERN REGIONS AS ITS

18:07 - EXPANSION ZONE. AND I THINK

18:09 - VERY CLEARLY BELIEVE THAT IT

18:11 - WAS ACTUALLY PART OF THE COLONY

18:12 - OF VIRGINIA. AND SO IT'S IT'S.

18:16 - AS LONG AS DUQUESNE AS LONG

18:18 - AS THESE FRENCH PORTS ARE HERE,

18:20 - IT'S ALWAYS GOING TO BE AN

18:21 - OBSTACLE TO THE FUTURE DREAMS

18:23 - OF OF EXPANSION TO THE WEST.

18:26 - >>NOW, MANY WAYS AGAIN VIEWING

18:27 - THIS FROM LONDON VIEWING THIS

18:29 - FROM FROM VERSAILLES IN FRANCE

18:31 - ITSELF. THERE'S ALWAYS A

18:32 - LOOMING THREAT OF WAR BETWEEN

18:34 - THE 2 IN SOME DISTANT PLACE.

18:36 - WHAT WAS THE BRITISH STRATEGY

18:38 - OVERALL FOR RECAPTURING THIS

18:40 - LOCATION AND WASN'T PART OF THE

18:42 - LARGER WAR TO COME A REWRITE,

18:44 - INCLUDING IT IN THE 7 YEARS

18:45 - WAR.

18:46 - >>OH, YEAH. I THINK AGAIN, THE

18:49 - THE LONG-TERM DREAM WAS GOING

18:51 - TO BE ABLE TO HOLD AND EXPAND

18:52 - INTO THE OHIO COUNTRY. WHEN

18:55 - THEY THE THE FRENCH ALMOST

18:59 - IMMEDIATELY THE DISCUSSIONS

19:00 - BEGAN NOT ONLY OF COMING IN TO

19:02 - REMOVE THE FRENCH BUT IN EVEN

19:05 - PART OF GRAPHICS PACKAGE TRAIN

19:07 - WAS FOUND A MAP SHOWING

19:09 - ESSENTIALLY WHAT WOULD BE FOR

19:11 - PIT THAT THEY HAD ALREADY

19:12 - PLANNED LONG BEFORE. IT WAS

19:13 - ACTUALLY SO I THINK ENGLAND'S

19:17 - LONG-TERM PLAN WAS NOT JUST TO

19:18 - MOVE THE FRENCH OUT, BUT TO

19:19 - COME BACK AND ESTABLISH

19:21 - THEMSELVES IN SUCH STRENGTH.

19:23 - >>THAT THE FRENCH WOULD NEVER

19:24 - BE AN ISSUE AGAIN OUT HERE.

19:26 - >>YOU MENTION A GENERAL EDWARD

19:28 - BRADDOCK. WHEN HE SELECTED

19:30 - FIRST, WHAT IS HE SELECTED FOR

19:32 - SECOND? WHY IS HE SELECTED?

19:34 - AND 3RD OUTING WAS GENERALLY

19:36 - VIEWED THE OUTCOME OF THAT IF

19:38 - BEFORE IT HAPPENED. BUT I THINK

19:39 - IT WOULD BE AFFECTED.

19:40 - >>YEAH, I BRADDOCK WAS CHOSEN

19:42 - IN KIND OF PUT IN COMMAND OF

19:43 - THE FORCES OF NORTH AMERICA.

19:46 - CLEARLY HE AND HIS SUPERIORS

19:48 - MADE IT A PRIORITY TO COME IN

19:50 - AND RE. TAKE THE POINT

19:53 - HIS EFFORTS, UNFORTUNATELY YOU

19:56 - KNOW, IT WAS A MAJOR

19:57 - UNDERTAKING WAS NO SIMPLE THING

19:59 - TO MOVE IN ENGLISH ARMY TO THE

20:01 - OHIO. THEY HAD ACTUALLY BUILD

20:03 - THE ROAD THAT THEY WOULD TRAVEL

20:05 - ON. AT THE SAME TIME. SO BRAD,

20:07 - ITS FORCES LEFT FROM

20:09 - CUMBERLAND, MARYLAND, BEGAN

20:10 - CUTTING THIS ROAD AND MAKING

20:12 - A MAJOR EFFORT AT RETAKING THE

20:15 - POINT AND ESTABLISHING KIND OF

20:16 - BRITISH DOMINANCE HERE.

20:20 - THEY DID PRETTY GOOD GETTING

20:21 - FAIRLY CLOSE TO BUT THE PROBLEM

20:23 - WAS THAT THE FRENCH AND THEIR

20:24 - INDIAN ALLIES AT SOME ADVANCE

20:26 - WARNING THEY WERE COMING AND

20:28 - JUST A FEW MILES DOWN THE RIVER

20:29 - HERE ON THE MONONGAHELA, THEY

20:32 - THEY MET THEIR WHICH AGAIN,

20:35 - KIND OF A STOP TO THAT BRITISH

20:37 - EFFORT TEMPORARILY.

20:39 - >>NOW, BRADDOCK IS ONE OF THE

20:40 - HIGHEST RANKING OFFICIALS IN

20:41 - THE ENTIRE BRITISH MILITARY

20:42 - WORLDWIDE THE BRITISH ARE

20:45 - CLEARLY MAKING A STATEMENT

20:46 - SELECTING FOR THAT, CORRECT?

20:47 - YES, YEAH.

20:48 - >>AND BY SENDING HIM TO LEAD

20:49 - THE EXPEDITION. YOU KNOW, WHEN

20:51 - YOU PUT YOUR TOP MAN IN CHARGE

20:53 - AND SEND THEM INTO THIS KIND

20:55 - OF SITUATION, YOU'RE SENDING A

20:56 - MESSAGE TO EVERYBODY ABOUT WHAT

20:57 - YOUR INTENTIONS ARE.

20:59 - >>WHEN HE'S DEFEATED AND

21:00 - KILLED, IS THERE A ENGLISH

21:03 - REACTION AROUND THE WORLD ARE

21:04 - JUST HERE IN NORTH AMERICA NOW.

21:05 - I THINK EVERYBODY WAS YOU KNOW,

21:07 - I DON'T THINK ANYBODY EVER

21:09 - ANTICIPATES.

21:10 - >>A DEFEAT TO FOR THEIR OWN

21:12 - ARMY. AND SO I THINK IT HAD

21:13 - MAJOR REPERCUSSIONS AND REALLY

21:16 - THE BRITISH WAR EFFORT THEM

21:18 - DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN

21:19 - WAR.

21:19 - >>I'M NEVER REALLY GOT OFF THE

21:22 - INITIALLY. SO IT TOOK A LITTLE

21:24 - WHILE BEFORE THERE WAS ANY REAL

21:25 - TRACTION.

21:26 - >>WELL, NOW THAT WE TALKED

21:27 - ABOUT THE PHYSICAL FEATURES

21:29 - OF THE POINT, LET'S MOVE INSIDE

21:30 - THE FORT PITT MUSEUM. SEE WHAT

21:32 - YOU'RE WORKING ON THERE AND

21:33 - CONTINUE OUR LOOK AT THE

21:34 - MILITARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE

21:43 - WE'RE ON THE SECOND FLOOR OF

21:44 - THE FORT PITT MUSEUM DISCUSSING

21:46 - THE FRENCH EFFORTS TO FORTIFY

21:47 - THE FORCE OF THE OHIO.

21:49 - >>AND THE BRITISH EFFORTS TO

21:50 - DEFEAT THEM. ALLAN, WE'VE

21:51 - TALKED ABOUT THE ENGLISH

21:53 - ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE FOR 2 CAME

21:55 - ON THE NEWS. REACTION OUT OF

21:56 - THE FRENCH PERCEIVE REDDICK'S

21:59 - BEING DEFEATED. THE FRENCH

22:01 - OBVIOUSLY SAW THIS AS A

22:02 - TREMENDOUS VICTORY. I THINK AT

22:04 - BOYD, THEIR EFFORTS PROBABLY

22:06 - AROUND THE WORLD. I'M CERTAINLY

22:08 - ONE OF ITS MOST IMMEDIATE

22:09 - EFFECTS WAS ON THEIR NATIVE

22:11 - ALLIES TO BE ABLE TO

22:12 - DEMONSTRATE THAT THEY COULD

22:13 - DEFEAT THE ENGLISH ON THAT KIND

22:15 - OF A LEVEL.

22:17 - >>I THINK IT IMMEDIATELY HAD

22:18 - AFFECTS FOR 40 AND THAT THEY

22:21 - BEGAN YOU KNOW, I THINK THAT

22:24 - KIND OF MAKE SURE THAT THEY

22:25 - WERE GOING TO AT THE POINT.

22:27 - >>WE'VE TALKED ABOUT FOR 2 CAME

22:29 - BEING A VERY MODEST FOR UP

22:31 - UNTIL 17. 55 AFTER BRADDOCK IS

22:33 - DEFEATED, SEEMINGLY BRITAIN'S

22:35 - GREAT RESPONSE TO THE FORT

22:36 - FORD, YOU CAN ACTUALLY EXPANDS.

22:39 - >>SO BY 17, 57, I THINK THE

22:42 - FRENCH AND REALIZE THAT IT

22:43 - REALLY WAS

22:45 - THE HOUSE, THE NUMBER OF MAN

22:47 - AND ALL OTHER NATIVE ALLIES

22:49 - AND SO WE KNOW BY 17, 57, THEY

22:52 - ACTUALLY BUILD A MUCH LARGER

22:53 - RECTANGULAR STOCKADE ADJACENT

22:55 - TO THE ORIGINAL FORT DUQUESNE,

22:57 - WHICH STRETCHED ALONG THE

22:58 - ALLEGHENY SIDE OF THE RIVER.

23:00 - IT HOUSED FRENCH SOLDIERS AS

23:03 - WELL NATIVES WHEN JOINED ALONG

23:05 - WITH THEM AND REALLY IN THOSE

23:06 - YEARS AFTER BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT,

23:08 - DUQUESNE REALLY TURNED INTO

23:09 - QUITE A LARGE COMMUNITY, NOT

23:11 - JUST THE 4TH ITSELF, BUT

23:13 - FIELDS. THEY WERE STARTING TO

23:15 - ACTUALLY GROW ENOUGH OF THEIR

23:16 - OWN FOOD TO SUPPORT THE

23:17 - GARRISON AND

23:18 - THEIR ALLIES. AND SO DUQUESNE

23:21 - REALLY KIND OF BLOSSOMED AFTER

23:23 - EXPANDED QUITE RAPIDLY. WE'RE

23:25 - WHERE WE JUST TALKED ABOUT

23:26 - FRENCH SOLDIERS OR THEIR

23:27 - FAMILIES WITH THEM. AT THIS

23:28 - POINT, THERE WAS A CIVILIAN

23:30 - POPULATION THERE AS

23:33 - >>AND YOU HAVE THE FRENCH AND

23:35 - AS WELL THE NATIVES WHO WERE

23:38 - THERE WITH WIVES AND CHILDREN.

23:41 - ONE OF THE FRENCH SOLDIER

23:42 - STATIONED AT THE 40 EVEN

23:43 - DESCRIBES HOW ONE OF THE

23:45 - ENGLISH CAPTIVES TAKING ON A

23:47 - FRONTIER RAID WAS BROUGHT BACK

23:48 - TO DUQUESNE AND ACTUALLY

23:49 - MARRIED. THEN ONE OF THE FRENCH

23:50 - SOLDIERS AND KIND OF ALONG WITH

23:53 - OUR EARLIER DISCUSSION, THE

23:55 - ONLY LIMITATION PLACED BY THE

23:57 - COMMANDANT WAS THAT SHE HAD TO

23:58 - CONVERT TO CATHOLICISM FOR THAT

24:00 - TO TAKE PLACE. NOW WE SEE 4 TO

24:02 - CAN EXPAND.

24:03 - >>IN 17, 56 17. 57.

24:06 - >>ALL AROUND THE WORLD. NOW WE

24:08 - SEE THE BEGINNING OF WHAT WE

24:08 - CALL THE 7 YEARS MORE IN NORTH

24:10 - AMERICA. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN

24:12 - WAR WITH A FRIEND FEEL VERY

24:13 - GOOD ABOUT THEMSELVES FROM 56

24:15 - TO 17. 57 THE ENGLISH, NOT SO

24:17 - MUCH THAT CAUGHT THE YEARS OF

24:18 - DEFEAT. IF YOU ARE BRITISH AT

24:21 - THIS TIME, IT HOW DO YOU FEEL

24:23 - ABOUT YOUR EFFORT IN THE WAR?

24:24 - AND MOST DO YOU REALLY FEEL

24:27 - LIKE THIS WAR IS A MAJOR EVENT

24:29 - IN THE MAKING?

24:30 - >>YEAH, AND I THINK THE IT WAS

24:32 - CERTAINLY DEMORALIZING FOR THE

24:34 - ENGLISH FOR BECAUSE THEY HAD

24:36 - NOT HAD TREMENDOUS SUCCESS.

24:39 - I THINK THE RESPONSE TO THAT ON

24:40 - THE BRITISH SIDE WAS PET GOT

24:43 - INVOLVED, WILLIAM PITT THEY

24:45 - DEVELOP MORE OF A PRECISE

24:46 - STRATEGY OF HOW TO MORE OF

24:49 - NORTH AMERICA BACK AND YOU

24:51 - START TO MUCH

24:54 - A CONSOLIDATED WAR EFFORT TAKE

24:56 - PLACE.

24:57 - >>THE ENGLISH HAVE A SENSE OF

24:58 - THE BEGINNING OF THE 7 YEARS

24:59 - WAR THAT IF THEY LOST NORTH

25:02 - AMERICA WOULD LIKELY BE LOST

25:03 - AS WELL.

25:04 - >>I THINK THERE WAS SOME SENSE

25:05 - OF

25:07 - YOU KNOW, THE PRIOR CONFLICTS

25:08 - BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN

25:10 - NORTH AMERICA, YOU CAN

25:12 - GEORGIA'S WAR WAR OF JENKINS

25:14 - EAR IN SOME OF THESE OTHER

25:15 - CONFLICTS. I DON'T THINK THEY

25:16 - SAW IN THAT KIND OF GLOBAL

25:17 - SCALE, BUT I THINK THEY REALIZE

25:19 - THAT THIS CONFLICT WAS GOING TO

25:21 - HAVE LARGER RAMIFICATIONS.

25:23 - ONE WHERE THE OTHER.

25:24 - >>WINSTON CHURCHILL VERY

25:25 - FAMOUSLY DESCRIBED THE 7 YEARS

25:27 - WAR AS HISTORY FIRST WORLD WAR.

25:29 - AND HE'S A GUY WHO KNOWS A

25:30 - THING OR 2 ABOUT WORLD WARS

25:32 - WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE WAY THE

25:34 - BRITISH ARE IN THE CARIBBEAN IN

25:37 - NORTH AMERICA, IN EUROPE AND

25:39 - 17. 56 WIN. THE WAR OFFICIALLY

25:40 - BEGINS AND 17. 57, YOU SEE A

25:43 - VERY DESPERATE TIME WHEN

25:45 - WILLIAM PITT COMES IN. YOU

25:47 - ALREADY ONE SPECIFICALLY WHEN

25:48 - HE TAKES DOES HE CHANGE?

25:51 - WELL, HE CHANGES A LOT OF JUST

25:53 - THE WAY THAT THE WAR WAS GOING

25:54 - TO BE IN THE WAY THAT HE

25:57 - ORGANIZED THE ARMY'S

25:59 - >>AND SPECIFICALLY FOR THE

26:00 - HISTORY OF THE POINT HE MAKES A

26:03 - KIND OF RETAKING THE OHIO

26:05 - COUNTRY IS ONE OF THE

26:06 - PRIORITIES AND SO THAT COMBINED

26:09 - WITH SOME OF THE ANOTHER EFFORT

26:13 - THAT INTO TO TAKE THAT WHICH

26:15 - WAS DONE IN 59. SO REALLY KIND

26:18 - OF CHANGED THE COMPLEXION OF

26:19 - THE WAR. WILLIAM PITT DEVISES A

26:21 - RADICAL NEW STRATEGY. AS YOU

26:22 - JUST AS YOU'VE DISCUSSED

26:24 - >>AND A LOT OF 10 IT'S GOING

26:25 - TO PLACE ONE OF THE MOST

26:26 - IMPORTANT ONES THAT BRITISH

26:28 - REGULAR SOLDIERS ARE EMPLOYED,

26:29 - MORE COMMONLY IN NORTH AMERICA.

26:32 - THAT INCLUDES OFFICERS THE

26:33 - SCOTSMAN, GENERAL JOHN FORBES

26:35 - IS SELECTED VERY ESPECIALLY

26:37 - FOR THE JOB OF CAPTURING THE

26:38 - OHIO COUNTRY. WHAT IS HIS

26:39 - MISSION?

26:41 - >>BASICALLY TO TO BUILD A MUCH

26:45 - AS BRADDOCK THAT ATTEMPTED TO

26:47 - BUILD A ROAD ALL THE WAY TO

26:48 - THE POINT FORMS IS GIVEN PRETTY

26:50 - MUCH THE

26:53 - THE SAME HE'S GOING TO BUILD A

26:55 - ROAD ESSENTIALLY FROM CARLISLE.

26:58 - TO NOT ONLY BRING U.S. FORCES

27:00 - OUT, BUT HE TAKES A LITTLE BIT

27:01 - DIFFERENT TACTIC. THE BRADDOCK

27:02 - AND THAT HE ALSO THEN BUILDS A

27:03 - SERIES OF FORTS ALONG THE WAY

27:06 - ALONG THAT ROAD. SO THAT HIS

27:07 - FORCES WON'T BE ISOLATED OUT ON

27:09 - THE FRONTIER. THEY'LL ACTUALLY

27:11 - HAVE AND RESUPPLY STATIONS ALL

27:14 - THE WAY.

27:15 - >>SO IN MANY BRAD HICKS EFFORT

27:17 - FAILED BECAUSE HE WAS CARVING A

27:19 - PATH THROUGH THE WILDERNESS BUT

27:20 - NOT REINFORCING WHAT HE ALREADY

27:21 - GAME. FORBES WILL MOVE SLOWLY

27:24 - BUILDING FORTIFICATIONS ALONG

27:25 - THE WAY, BUT WHERE THE SPORT

27:26 - THAT HE BUILT.

27:28 - >>BUILD A WHOLE SERIES OF ALONG

27:31 - FORBES ROAD. YOU FOR BEDFORD

27:32 - THAT CAME ABOUT AS A RESULT OF

27:34 - THAT PORT LINCOLN HERE TO THE

27:35 - MOST IMPORTANT ONES IN OUR

27:36 - AREA.

27:37 - >>AND HE WAS ESTABLISHING

27:39 - ESSENTIALLY AN OPEN LINE FOR

27:40 - REINFORCEMENT AND SUPPLY.

27:42 - AS YOU GOT CLOSER TO THE FORCE

27:44 - OF THE OHIO WHENEVER JOHN

27:46 - FORBES ULTIMATELY CAPTURES IN

27:47 - SIGHT. IT'S A LITTLE LESS

27:49 - ANTI-CLIMACTIC THAT A LOT OF

27:50 - PEOPLE LIKE TO THINK. BUT ONE

27:52 - OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS

27:52 - BEFORE AS HE SENDS OUT A

27:53 - RECONNAISSANCE MISSION TO SCOUT

27:55 - OUT FOR 2 CAME TO SEE WHAT

27:57 - THEIR STRENGTH IS WITH VERY

27:58 - SPECIFIC ORDERS THAT THAT

28:00 - COMMANDER DOESN'T FOLLOW.

28:01 - CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT JAMES

28:02 - GRANT?

28:03 - JAMES GRANT

28:05 - >>AN OFFICER. THE 77TH ONE OF

28:08 - BATTALIONS THAT HAVE BEEN

28:09 - RAISED IN SCOTLAND. HE WAS

28:11 - GIVEN A THE TASK OF COMING OUT

28:15 - TO RIKA NOISE OR THE HE HAD NOT

28:17 - ONLY IS ON SCOT U.S. TROOPS,

28:18 - BUT ALSO SOME VIRGINIA MILITIA

28:21 - UNDER ANDREW LEWIS, WHO ARE

28:23 - ALSO PART OF THIS COMMAND AND

28:25 - THE WAS TO KIND OF TEST AND SEE

28:27 - WHAT ALL WAS GOING ON AT

28:28 - DUQUESNE HE WAS KIND OF TOLD

28:32 - AHEAD OF TIME THAT HE WAS NOT

28:34 - TO ACTUALLY ENGAGE THE ENEMY.

28:36 - AND ALSO THEY WERE UNDER THE

28:37 - IMPRESSION THAT THERE WAS A

28:38 - FAIRLY LARGE TERRACE AND A

28:40 - DUQUESNE. AS HIS MAN

28:42 - APPROACHED, THEY WE CAN TO

28:44 - BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE ACTUALLY

28:45 - ONLY A COUPLE 100 FRENCH AND

28:47 - NOT THAT MANY NATIVE ALLIES

28:49 - ALONG AND KIND OF BREAKING WITH

28:52 - HIS ORDERS. HE DEVISED A BIT OF

28:55 - A PLAN TO ENGAGE THE ENEMY.

29:00 - THEY CENTRALLY SENT A SMALLER

29:04 - UP TO A KIND OF DRAW THE FRENCH

29:06 - OUT OF THE 4 TO ATTACK THEM.

29:09 - BUT THE FRENCH DIDN'T GO ALONG

29:10 - WITH HIS PLAN. THEY HAD ONE OF

29:11 - THEIR OWN AND SO THEY INSTEAD

29:13 - WENT AFTER THE VIRGINIAN

29:15 - TROOPS. AND SO IN THE A GRANT

29:19 - AND HIS FORCES WERE DEFEATED.

29:21 - GRAND HIMSELF WAS TAKEN A

29:23 - CAPTIVE ANDREW LEWIS. THE

29:25 - VIRGINIA MILITIA CAPTAIN WAS

29:27 - TAKEN AS WELL. AND SO IT WAS

29:30 - QUITE A YOU KNOW, FOR FOR THE

29:33 - EFFORT AT THAT TIME.

29:34 - >>ONE OF THE THINGS YOU'VE

29:36 - MENTIONED, WHICH I THINK IS

29:36 - REALLY IMPORTANT WE HAD ON IN

29:38 - THE SERIES IS HOW YOU COLLECT

29:40 - INTELLIGENCE IN THE 18TH

29:42 - CENTURY. THE BRITISH SEND

29:43 - ENTIRE FORCE FORWARD TO SEE

29:45 - EXACTLY WHAT THE FORT DUQUESNE,

29:47 - THE FRENCH SEEM TO KNOW WHAT'S

29:48 - GOING ON ALONG OBVIOUSLY NOT TO

29:50 - THEIR OF COULD YOU DESCRIBE

29:52 - HOW YOU GATHER INTELLIGENCE FOR

29:54 - BOTH SIDES?

29:57 - BOTH SIDES OCCASIONALLY WOULD

29:58 - SEND THEIR OWN TROOPS. I THINK

30:00 - BOTH SIDES RELIED LARGELY ON

30:01 - NATIVE INTELLIGENCE SERVICES.

30:03 - SO

30:04 - >>THROUGHOUT THE FRENCH AND

30:05 - INDIAN WAR, BOTH THE FRENCH AND

30:06 - THE ENGLISH ROUTINELY AND

30:08 - EMPLOY THEIR OWN NATIVE ALLIES.

30:09 - THE SPIES SO MOST OF WHAT BEING

30:13 - ONE KNOWS ABOUT FORT DUQUESNE

30:15 - COMES FROM INDIANS WHO

30:18 - BASICALLY ARE OUT HERE IN MANY

30:19 - CASES TRADING IN DEALING WITH

30:21 - THE FRENCH AND THEN TURNING

30:22 - RIGHT AROUND AND GIVING

30:23 - DESCRIPTIONS OF WHAT WAS UP

30:26 - ONE OF THE MEN CAPTURED AT FORT

30:29 - MINUTES TOMO WAS A PRISONER

30:32 - AT FORT DUQUESNE AND ACTUALLY

30:34 - MADE A MEASURE DRAWING OF THE

30:35 - FORT WITH ALL SORTS OF DETAILS

30:38 - ABOUT THE DARE CENT AND

30:39 - ACTUALLY HAD AN INDIAN SMALL

30:40 - THAT BACK TO THE ENGLISH.

30:42 - UNFORTUNATELY, THE ENGLISH TURN

30:44 - RIGHT AROUND AND PUBLISH THAT

30:45 - MAP IN A NEWSPAPER WHICH LED

30:48 - TO SNOW BO ACTUALLY TRIED AS A

30:51 - SPY BY THE FRENCH. YOU KNOW,

30:54 - CERTAINLY HAVING SPIES HAVING

30:56 - AN INTELLIGENCE SERVICE IS

30:57 - SOMETHING THAT'S NEW TO THE

30:59 - WORLD THAT ISN'T JUST DIDN'T

31:01 - COME ABOUT WITH THE CIA AND

31:02 - THE SOME VERY THING WITHIN OUR

31:06 - MEANS TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU

31:07 - HAD

31:08 - SCOUTS SPIES.

31:09 - >>AN AMAZING ACHIEVEMENT AND

31:10 - WERE WITHOUT TELECOMMUNICATIONS

31:12 - INTERNET OR ELECTRICITY.

31:13 - AS WE KNOW IT. WHENEVER WE.

31:16 - LOOK AT THE AFTERMATH OF GRANTS

31:19 - DEFEAT, OF COURSE, THE MOST

31:20 - TANGIBLE AFTERMATH FOR

31:21 - PITTSBURGHERS IS GRAND STREET

31:23 - NAMED AFTER THE GENERAL.

31:25 - WE SEE A PRETTY GRUESOME

31:26 - SPECTACLE. COULD YOU DESCRIBE

31:28 - THE SCENE? YOU KNOW, IT'S HARD

31:31 - TO IMAGINE FROM OUR MODERN

31:33 - WESTERN EYES WHAT IT WAS LIKE

31:35 - FOR NATIVES TO FIGHT WARS.

31:37 - >>THEY HAVE THEIR OWN

31:38 - PRACTICES. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN

31:39 - WAYS OF DEALING WITH CAPTIVES

31:41 - IN THE WAR. AND I'M ONE OF

31:44 - INVOLVED OFTEN THE TORTURE TO

31:47 - THE DEATH OF OF CAPTIVES WERE

31:49 - CAPTIVES ON THE AFTERMATH OF

31:52 - GRANTS TO THERE WAS THE BURNING

31:57 - SOME OF THESE THERE WAS ALSO

32:00 - YOU AFTERWARDS, SOME OF THEM

32:02 - WERE DECAPITATED AND THEIR

32:03 - HEADS LEFT ON STAKE. SOME POLLS

32:06 - OUTSIDE OF FORT DUQUESNE.

32:09 - YEAH, IT WAS. IT WAS QUITE A

32:10 - GRUESOME SIGHT.

32:11 - >>INDIAN POLITICS BY THEIR

32:13 - NATURE ARE VERY PHYSICAL

32:14 - POLITICS. THE SCENE YOU JUST

32:15 - DESCRIBE BEING PART OF IT.

32:17 - COULD YOU TALK ABOUT THE ROLE

32:18 - OF IN THE INDIAN WAY OF WAR?

32:23 - >>AGAIN, IT'S IT'S VERY

32:25 - DIFFERENT THAN THE WESTERN

32:26 - CONCEPTS OF AT ITS VERY CORE

32:30 - NATIVES OFTEN WEREN'T FIGHTING

32:32 - TO SEE THE ENTIRE DECIMATION OF

32:35 - THE RANA MEANS. THEY OFTEN

32:36 - FOUGHT IN A SENSE OF PRIDE.

32:40 - AND SO YOU COULD MAKE A RAID

32:41 - ON A REMOTE ENEMY VILLAGE.

32:43 - AND IF YOU TOOK A SINGLE

32:44 - CAPTIVE FOR YOU, MANAGED TO

32:46 - KNOCK A FEW PEOPLE ON THE HEAD.

32:48 - YOU SAW THAT AS A TREMENDOUS

32:49 - VICTORY. WE'RE FROM A EUROPEAN

32:51 - POINT OF VIEW. THAT WOULD BE

32:52 - A MINOR SKIRMISH RATHER THAN TO

32:55 - MEN A VICTORY IN THE WAR AND

32:57 - AGAIN, THE WAY THAT THEY DEALT

32:58 - WITH A CAPTIVES TAKEN IN WAR

33:00 - WAS ALSO VERY DIFFERENT FROM

33:02 - THE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE, SOME

33:04 - CAPTIVES TAKEN AND WERE FAIR

33:05 - WERE ACTUALLY ADOPTED AN

33:06 - ASSIMILATED IN THE NATIVE

33:07 - CULTURES. THE USE OF THESE KIND

33:10 - OF RITUALIZED DEATHS. IT'S

33:12 - SOMETHING

33:14 - AGAIN, IT'S DIFFERENT THAN THE

33:15 - EUROPEAN POINT OF VIEW. BUT

33:17 - IT WAS AN FOR YOUR PEOPLE TO

33:21 - KIND OF TAKE OUT SOME OF THEIR

33:22 - ANGER AND FRUSTRATION AT THE

33:24 - ENEMY AND IT ALSO GAVE THE

33:26 - ENEMY AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW

33:27 - HOW BRAVE THEY WERE. SO A

33:30 - FRENCHMAN SERVING A 40 CAME

33:33 - DESCRIBED A NATIVE WHO WAS PUT

33:36 - TO DEATH THAT WAY. AND THAT'S

33:37 - RITUALIZED TORTURE. WHO, YOU

33:40 - KNOW, BASICALLY SAID, BRING

33:42 - IT ON. I MEAN, HE WAS BEING

33:43 - ROASTED ALIVE AND THAT KIND OF

33:44 - TALK TO THE PEOPLE WHO WERE

33:46 - KILLING HIM, THE TO BRING ANY

33:50 - KIND OF WAS ABLE TO SHOW HIS

33:51 - BRAVERY IN THE STRENGTH OF THIS

33:52 - NATION THROUGH THE WAY THAT

33:54 - HE DIED IN THAT TORTUROUS

33:55 - DEATH. SO IT'S JUST A SO IT'S

33:57 - VERY REMOTE FROM THE WAY WE

33:59 - THINK OF WARFARE BEING

34:00 - PRACTICE. BUT THE NATIVE SAID

34:02 - THEN, YOU KNOW, ADD THEIR OWN

34:04 - POLICIES AND THEIR OWN

34:05 - PROCEDURES AND THEIR OWN

34:06 - CEREMONIES THAT STRETCH BACK

34:08 - THOUSANDS OF YEARS. SO THE FACT

34:10 - THAT THE EUROPEANS WERE NOT OF

34:11 - THAT WORD OUT. PART OF THAT

34:12 - EQUATION. IT DIDN'T MEAN THE

34:14 - NATIVES WERE GOING TO CHANGE

34:15 - THEIR PRACTICES. WE HAVE A VERY

34:18 - STILL TO THIS DAY FAMILIAR

34:19 - SENSE OF THE WESTERN WAY OF

34:20 - WAR.

34:21 - >>YOU HAVE WAR. YOU HAVE PEACE

34:22 - TO HAVE A TREATY. YOU HAVE A

34:23 - DEFEAT INDIAN WARS, VERY

34:25 - DIFFERENT. AND THE INDIAN

34:26 - WARRIORS VERY DIFFERENT.

34:28 - ALEX, YOU TALK ABOUT THE

34:29 - PHYSICALITY OF THE INDIAN

34:30 - WARRIOR. EVERYTHING FROM

34:31 - TATTOOS TO METHODOLOGY

34:33 - FIGHTING. AGAIN, NATIVE I WOULD

34:37 - HEAR.

34:39 - >>WE'RE KIND OF WARRIOR

34:40 - SOCIETIES IN MANY WAYS. YOU

34:43 - MENTIONED TATTOOING. ONE OF

34:44 - THE WAYS THAT EXPRESS

34:47 - THEMSELVES IN MANY CASES WHERE

34:49 - WITH MORE EXPLOIT TATTOO.

34:51 - SO THAT VISUALLY IT JUST SEEING

34:53 - YOU, I MIGHT SEE SCHELL POLLS

34:55 - OR MARKINGS ON YOU. THAT

34:57 - INSTANTLY TOLD ME HOW MANY MEN

34:58 - YOU WOULD KILLED IN BATTLE YOU

35:01 - KNOW, THINGS LIKE THAT THAT ARE

35:02 - AGAIN, SOMETHING THAT THAT MAY

35:04 - BE IN THE 20TH CENTURY START TO

35:06 - SEE IN THE WESTERN WORLD.

35:08 - BUT SOMETHING VERY DIFFERENT

35:09 - FROM THE WAY EUROPEANS WOULD

35:11 - MARK HONOR AND JUST THE WAY

35:13 - THAT THE WAR WAS FOUGHT AGAIN,

35:15 - THEY DIDN'T SEE THESE

35:16 - KIND OF OVERWHELMING DEFEAT

35:18 - WHERE YOU ACTUALLY, YOU WIPED

35:21 - OUT AN ENEMY THE WAY THE

35:22 - EUROPEAN WARFARE OFTEN TOOK

35:23 - PLACE WAS OFTEN MORE A SMALL

35:26 - GROUP JUST A WHOLE DIFFERENT

35:29 - MINDSET BEHIND IT.

35:30 - >>WE'VE TALKED ABOUT BATTLES

35:31 - LIKE PRODUCTS DEFEAT 17.

35:33 - 55 GRANTS DEFEAT 17. 58.

35:36 - THE COMMON STRAND AMONGST ALL

35:37 - OF THEM IS THAT THE NATIVE

35:39 - WARRIORS TEND TO BEAR MOST OF

35:41 - THE FIGHTING AND THEY FOUGHT

35:42 - VERY DIFFERENTLY THAN

35:43 - EUROPEANS. THE BRITISH NEVER

35:45 - ADAPTED. WELL, WHY ARE THE

35:46 - BRITISH SO INCAPABLE OF

35:48 - ADAPTING TO THAT AND WENT TO

35:49 - THE NATIVES? DO THAT WAS SO

35:50 - EFFECTIVE?

35:51 - >>I THINK SOME OF IT IS JUST

35:53 - THAT THE EUROPEAN MINDSET,

35:54 - AGAIN, THEY HAVE DEVELOPED

35:55 - THEIR TACTICS

35:56 - FOR WARFARE IN THEY HAD

35:59 - DEVELOPED THE TACTICS ALONG

36:00 - WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR

36:01 - WEAPONS. AND SO BY THE TIME

36:03 - FIREARMS ARE INTRODUCED, THE

36:06 - IDEA AND EUROPEAN WARFARE'S

36:08 - SPEND OF LINEAR TACTICS WHERE

36:09 - YOU HAVE MULTIPLE LINES AND

36:11 - FIRING WEAPONS AT EACH OTHER.

36:13 - THE ONLY WAY TO KIND OF CONTROL

36:15 - THAT FIRE AND EVEN THE

36:16 - PHYSICALLY CONTROL THE MEN ON

36:17 - THE BATTLEFIELD. WHAT STATE TO

36:19 - USE THAT KIND OF ENGAGEMENT?

36:22 - I THINK THAT FOR THE MOST PART,

36:23 - NATIVE WARFARE TECHNIQUES

36:25 - DEVELOPED MORE OUT OF

36:26 - HUNTING TECHNIQUES WHERE YOU,

36:29 - YOU KNOW, KIND OF SNEAK UP ON

36:31 - WHERE YOU KIND OF IN ESSENCE

36:33 - AMBUSHED THEM. AND SO THE THE

36:35 - WAY THAT NATIVES DEVELOP THEIR

36:37 - WARFARE WAS JUST VERY

36:38 - DIFFERENT. THEY ROUTINELY MADE

36:40 - USE OF THINGS LIKE COVER AND

36:42 - CONCEALMENT. A SURPRISE AND THE

36:45 - WAY THAT EUROPEAN ARMIES WITH

36:47 - THOUSANDS OF MAN AND ALL THESE

36:48 - BAGGAGE TRAINS AND ALL OF THESE

36:50 - TROOPS, IT JUST WAS IN A VERY

36:52 - PRACTICAL WAY TO TO FIGHT AND

36:54 - SO WHEN YOU PUT THOSE KIND OF

36:57 - EUROPEAN TACTICS AND DUMP THEM

36:59 - INTO THE WOODS OF NORTH AMERICA

37:01 - WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE USED TO

37:03 - FROM CONCEALMENT AND KIND OF

37:05 - THESE FASTER LIGHTER ACTIONS.

37:08 - YOU KNOW, IT CAN HAVE BAD

37:10 - RESULTS SOMETIMES ESPECIALLY

37:11 - IF YOU'RE TOO RIGID TO TO MAKE

37:14 - THAT KIND OF FLEXIBLE

37:15 - ADAPTATION. I THINK BY THE TIME

37:18 - YOU REACH THE BATTLE, BUSHY RUN

37:19 - IN 17, 63 IN WESTERN

37:21 - PENNSYLVANIA K WHO IS PART OF

37:24 - THAT VERY ANCIENT EUROPEAN

37:26 - TRADITION OF WARFARE STARTS TO

37:28 - USE. NATIVE TACTIC STARTS TO

37:29 - USE FEIN'S. SOME STARTS BE USED

37:31 - KIND OF AMBUSH THINGS SO SLOWLY

37:35 - THEY THEY SOME OF THE AND BUSH

37:37 - IN PARTICULAR FIGURE THAT OUT.

37:39 - I THINK THE FRENCH BECAUSE THEY

37:42 - HAVE THESE COMBINED FORCES OF

37:44 - REAL FRENCH, A MILITARY, IF

37:46 - YOU WILL, WITH THE FORCES OF

37:47 - THE MARINE. BUT THEY ALSO WERE

37:49 - USING KIND FRENCH MILITIAMEN

37:51 - WHO HAD GROWN UP WITH INDIANS

37:53 - WHO UNDERSTOOD INDIAN HUNTING

37:54 - TECHNIQUES UNDERSTOOD NATIVE A

37:57 - KIND OF BATTLE TACTICS. BETTER.

37:59 - BUT I THINK THEY ADAPTED A

38:00 - LITTLE BIT IN THE WOODS.

38:02 - THEN THE ENGLISH TYPICALLY DO.

38:04 - >>HISTORIANS HAVE A POINT OF

38:05 - DEBATE AND WHAT THIS IS REALLY

38:06 - A CONVERSATION AMONG

38:08 - HISTORIANS. DO YOU BELIEVE THAT

38:10 - ON THE FRONTIER NATIVE CULTURE

38:13 - AND EUROPEAN CULTURE REFUSED TO

38:15 - CREATE SOMETHING ELSE OR WAS

38:16 - THERE ALWAYS THAT VERY CLEAR

38:18 - LINE BETWEEN THE 2 WORLDS?

38:19 - >>I KIND OF PERSONALLY BELIEVE

38:21 - THERE'S A CLEAR LINE, BUT

38:22 - THERE'S SO MUCH CROSS CULTURAL

38:24 - ADAPTATION THAT SOMETIMES THOSE

38:26 - LINES TO GET BLURRED,

38:28 - PARTICULARLY IN IN THIS AREA.

38:30 - AND THE OHIO COUNTRY EVEN A

38:33 - LINE BETWEEN WHO IS AND ISN'T A

38:34 - NATIVE SO THAT YOU HAVE FAMOUS

38:36 - PEOPLE LIKE THE GURNEY FAMILY

38:38 - WHO ARE FORMER INDIAN CAPTIVES

38:40 - TO FLIP BACK AND FORTH OVER THE

38:42 - YEARS BETWEEN LIVING A NATIVE

38:43 - LIFESTYLE AND WITH A NEW

38:45 - EUROPEAN LIFESTYLE. SO THE

38:47 - LINES GET BLURRED. BUT I THINK

38:49 - OVERALL I I CAN STILL VIEW IT

38:51 - IS AS BEING A DISTINCT THINGS

38:54 - AND RIGHT ON THROUGH THE

38:55 - BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION,

38:56 - YOU HAVE RIFLEMAN, YOU KNOW,

38:58 - FIGHTING IN THE EAST TO AGAIN,

39:00 - GREW UP USED TO THOSE NATIVE

39:02 - BATTLE TACTICS AND OF ADAPTED.

39:04 - MORE OF THAT TO THEIR OWN STYLE

39:06 - OF FIGHTING. BUT I DON'T THINK

39:08 - YOU LOSE THE FACT THAT THEY'RE

39:09 - STILL WHITE MAN. THEY'RE

39:10 - THEY'RE REALLY NOT INDIANS.

39:12 - >>WHENEVER WE TALK ABOUT

39:13 - BATTLES, ESPECIALLY THIS TIME

39:14 - PERIOD, WE GIVE THEM NAMES THAT

39:16 - SOMETIMES ALLOW US TO. I THINK

39:18 - OVERLOOK MUCH OF THE IMPORTANT

39:20 - DETAIL. BRADDOCK, STUFFY DOES

39:22 - THE COMMANDING OFFICER WE

39:23 - DISCOUNT ALL OF THEM INVOLVE

39:25 - GRANTS, DEFEAT WHO WERE THE

39:27 - MAJOR INDIAN LEADERS ON THE

39:29 - BATTLEFIELD IN AND HOW DID YOU

39:30 - BECOME A LEADER SINCE THERE WAS

39:32 - NO GENERAL BRINK OR OR A A SORT

39:35 - OF LADDER TO CLIMB SOCIALLY?

39:37 - WE CAN SAY

39:39 - >>AND THAT'S ONE OF THE YOU

39:41 - KNOW, AS THEY SAY THAT. MOST

39:43 - OF WHAT'S BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT

39:44 - ANY OF THESE CONFLICTS ARE

39:45 - WRITTEN BY EUROPEANS. THEY'RE

39:48 - OFTEN NOT AS FAMILIAR WITH WHO

39:49 - EXACTLY WAS FIRING AT THEM IN

39:51 - THE WOODS, VARIOUS LEADERS I

39:55 - WOULD HEAR, ESPECIALLY IN THE

39:56 - OHIO COUNTRY, GUYS TO TO SENECA

39:58 - LEADER WAS ONE OF THESE NATIVE

40:02 - YOU KIND OF HAVE HEREDITARY WAR

40:05 - CHIEFS, BUT YOU ALSO PEOPLE

40:07 - WHO KIND OF BECAME WORLD

40:08 - LEADERS. SO IT'S JUST AS

40:11 - COMPLEX HIERARCHY IS THE

40:15 - EUROPEAN ARMIES. BUT IT'S A

40:17 - LITTLE MORE FLUID AT THE SAME

40:18 - TIME. SO YOU HAD A LOT

40:21 - TREMENDOUS LEADERSHIP ON THE

40:23 - NATIVE SIDE, BUT A LOT OF IT

40:25 - WAS LED BY PEOPLE WHOSE NAMES

40:26 - FOR THE MOST PART, WE WE

40:28 - PROBABLY WILL NEVER

40:29 - KNOW IT.

40:29 - >>SO WE'LL FAST FORWARD NOW.

40:31 - FURTHER 17 58 JOHN FORBES HAS

40:33 - BUILT A ROAD, REALLY THE FIRST

40:35 - ROAD THAT CROSSES THE

40:36 - APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS IN

40:37 - PENNSYLVANIA. THE GREAT DIVIDE

40:39 - OF THE ENGLISH WORLD TIME.

40:41 - HE BUILT A SERIES OF 4. IT'S

40:42 - LOUD IN BEDFORD LEAGUE NEAR

40:44 - THEY'RE BEARING DOWN ON THE

40:46 - FRENCH POSITIONS. THIS SEEMS

40:48 - LIKE THE BREEDING GROUND FOR A

40:49 - MAJOR BATTLE. WE CAN NOTHING

40:51 - LIKE THAT.

40:52 - WHAT HAPPENS?

40:54 - >>SAY THAT WE HAVE THAT INITIAL

40:56 - FORAY BY GRANTS, MEET THAT IN

41:01 - SEPTEMBER FORMS AS PEOPLE

41:03 - CONTINUE WON. AND BY THAT FALL,

41:06 - THEY ACTUALLY ARE POISED TO TO

41:08 - TAKE THE POINT AGAIN, THIS HAS

41:11 - BEEN WELL.

41:12 - KNOWN BY THE ALTHOUGH THEY HAD

41:14 - BEEN FORT DUQUESNE, THEY WERE

41:17 - WELL AWARE THAT FORBES'S FORCES

41:19 - WERE ON THEIR DOORSTEP AND THEY

41:21 - ALSO KNEW THAT THEY COULDN'T

41:23 - ACTUALLY STAND AND FIGHT.

41:24 - I MEAN, THEY WERE OUTNUMBERED

41:25 - TREMENDOUSLY BY THE BY THE

41:27 - BRITISH FORCES AND SO A

41:29 - DECISION WAS MADE ESSENTIALLY

41:30 - TO ABANDON THE POINT. AND SO

41:32 - FROM THAT POINT FOR THE NEXT

41:35 - FEW WEEKS, THE FRENCH MADE

41:37 - QUITE AN EFFORT TO DESTROY AS

41:38 - MUCH OF WHAT EXISTED BEFORE

41:40 - TO KANE AS THEY COULD. THEY CUT

41:42 - OFF MANY OF THE THE GROUND

41:46 - LEVEL SO THEY COULDN'T BE

41:47 - REUSED AND REALLY ON THE EVE

41:50 - OF FORBES'S ARMY LAND OR A

41:53 - CENTURY MARCHING TO THE POINT

41:55 - ITSELF, THEY ATTEMPTED TO BURN

41:57 - AND BLOW UP AS MUCH A FORT

41:59 - DUQUESNE AS THEY POSSIBLY COULD

42:00 - HAVE. SO INSTEAD GRAHAM BATTLE

42:03 - TO RETAKE THE POINT FROM THE

42:04 - FRENCH, THE ENGLISH ESSENTIALLY

42:07 - TO THE POINT BACK THE SAME WAY,

42:08 - THE FRENCH AND TAKE AND

42:09 - TRANSPORT WITH BASICALLY

42:12 - WITHOUT A SHOT FIRED.

42:14 - >>THE FRENCH EVER BELIEVE THEY

42:15 - WOULD RETURN TO THIS POSITION

42:17 - BEFORE OR THEY SIGNALING THE

42:18 - BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE

42:19 - ENTIRE WAR. I THINK THERE'S

42:21 - ALWAYS THE ANTICIPATION THAT

42:22 - THEY WOULD COME BACK. AND I

42:24 - THINK TO SOME DEGREE, THE

42:25 - ENGLISH.

42:26 - >>DEPENDING ON WHO WHO YOU'RE

42:27 - READING KIND OF EITHER

42:29 - ANTICIPATED OR DID NOT

42:31 - ANTICIPATE THEM EVER COMING

42:32 - BACK.

42:33 - >>SO IT REACHED A POINT AFTER

42:36 - FORBES FORCES HAD RETAKEN THE

42:39 - POINT BASICALLY ALL OF THEM,

42:40 - BUT A COUPLE 100 MEN TURN RIGHT

42:42 - AROUND AND HEADED BACK EAST

42:43 - AGAIN. THEY HADN'T AND OFFICE

42:45 - SUPPLIES TO REALLY WINTER HERE

42:46 - AT THE POINT. SO THEY LEFT HIM

42:48 - AND THE MERCER IN CHARGE.

42:50 - HUMOR, SIR, WITH BASICALLY SOME

42:53 - INSTRUCTION TO TO BUILD A SMALL

42:55 - FORT TO HOWE'S ENOUGH MEN TO

42:58 - ESSENTIALLY BUILD A MUCH

42:59 - LARGER, LARGER FORTIFICATION

43:01 - WHICH WOULD EVENTUALLY BE

43:02 - BECOME FORT PITT. THERE IS A

43:03 - QUESTION WORTHY OF FURTHER

43:05 - EXPLORATION WITH THE FRENCH

43:06 - ABANDONMENT OF THE FORCE OF

43:07 - THE OHIO IN 17. 55. AND WE'RE

43:10 - BRADDOCK IS PUSHED AWAY LARGELY

43:12 - BY THEIR NATIVE ALLIES.

43:13 - >>17 58 JAMES GRANT LARGELY

43:16 - VICTORY FOR THE FRENCH VALLEY

43:18 - NATIVES WHERE THEY GO WHEN

43:20 - FORBES CAMPAIGN APPROACHES.

43:23 - >>THE INDIANS KIND OF GOT THE

43:24 - SHORT END OF THAT, OBVIOUSLY

43:26 - WITH THEIR THEIR ALLIES, THE

43:27 - FRENCH LITERALLY PULLING UP

43:29 - STAKES AND MOVING FROM THE

43:30 - AREA. THEIR SOURCE OF SUPPLY

43:32 - FOR SOME OF THE THE NECESSITIES

43:34 - OF CARRYING ON THE WAR ON THE

43:36 - FRONTIER THAT ARE GOING WITH

43:37 - THEM. SO SOME OF THE THAT WERE

43:40 - PART OF KIND OF THE THE FRENCH

43:42 - CONTINGENT THAT CAME DOWN, I

43:44 - THINK ACTUALLY WENT BACK WITH

43:45 - THE FRENCH AS THEY HEADED BACK

43:47 - NORTH THE MORE INDIANS WITH

43:50 - SUPPORTED THE FRENCH EFFORTS,

43:51 - THE DELAWARE IN SHAWNEE, I

43:52 - THINK FOR THE MOST PART, WENT

43:53 - BACK TO THEIR VILLAGES. BUT I'M

43:56 - SURE THERE WAS A TREMENDOUS

43:57 - AMOUNT OF APPREHENSION WHEN

43:58 - YOU SEE YOUR YOUR ALLY AND THE

44:01 - FORTIFICATION THAT'S SUPPORTED

44:03 - YOU FOR THE LAST FEW YEARS.

44:05 - PUT TO THE TORCH BY THE FRENCH

44:06 - THEMSELVES.

44:08 - >>THE BRITISH OF CAPTURE THE

44:09 - OHIO COUNTRY. IT'S ONE OF MANY

44:10 - OBJECTIVES OF THE 7 YEARS WAR,

44:11 - BUT ITS OBJECTIVE.

44:12 - NEVERTHELESS, HOW DOES THE OHIO

44:14 - COUNTRY CHANGE WITH THE

44:15 - COLLAPSE OF THE FRENCH PRESENCE

44:17 - IN THE REGION? I THINK IT IT

44:20 - CHANGES THE COMPLEXITY OF THE

44:21 - WAR. YOU START TO SEE THAT TIDE

44:24 - TURNING TOWARDS THE FROM THAT

44:26 - POINT ON.

44:27 - >>AND REALLY THE ENGLISH COMING

44:29 - BACK IN AND REOCCUPIED. THE

44:31 - POINT ALSO FORCES AGAIN, MOSTLY

44:34 - THE SHAWNEE, THE DELAWARE IN

44:35 - THE MINGO PEOPLE KIND OF RE

44:37 - EVALUATE THEIR POSITION WITH

44:38 - THE BECAUSE NOW THE CLOSEST

44:41 - TRADING PARTNERS ARE BACK TO

44:42 - BEING THE ENGLISH AGAIN.

44:44 - >>DO YOU THINK THE ENGLISH WERE

44:45 - RECEPTIVE TO TRADE WITH THE

44:46 - WITH THE INDIAN PEOPLES OF THE

44:47 - TIME? YEAH. I THINK AS FORT

44:50 - PITT IS BEING AND IT BECOMES

44:53 - MORE AND MORE OF A.

44:54 - >>AN ECONOMIC FRONTIER POST AS

44:57 - WELL AS A MILITARY ONE. SO

44:58 - CERTAINLY OVER THE COURSE OF

45:00 - THE REST OF THE WAR, THERE IS

45:02 - SOMEWHAT OF A RELATIONSHIP,

45:03 - A TRADE RELATIONSHIP

45:04 - REESTABLISH WITH THE OHIO

45:06 - COUNTRY. INDIANS WITH ENGLISH

45:08 - CRATERS.

45:09 - >>WE'VE HAD SOME 17, 54 ALL THE

45:11 - WAY TO 17. 58 FRENCH DOMINATION

45:14 - OF THE FORCE OF THE OHIO REALLY

45:16 - OF THE ENTIRE REGION. IS THERE

45:18 - A LASTING LEGACY TODAY? ALL OF

45:20 - THAT NOMINATION AND HOW DOES

45:22 - IT MANIFEST ITSELF?

45:24 - >>YOU KNOW, I THINK LOCALLY FOR

45:25 - THE MOST PART, PEOPLE HAVE THAT

45:28 - THIS WAS NEW FRANCE AT ONE

45:29 - TIME. OBVIOUSLY THE NAME OF

45:31 - DUQUESNE IS PRESERVED A IN A

45:33 - LOCAL UNIVERSITY AND I DO THINK

45:36 - IT'S KIND OF SAD THAT IN SOME

45:38 - WAYS THAT YOU CAN HAS BEEN KIND

45:39 - OF FORGOTTEN ABOUT FOR THE MOST

45:41 - PART, WE OFTEN REFER TO IT KIND

45:43 - OF FEAR EVEN IN POINT STATE

45:44 - PARK IS KIND OF AN ORPHAN WITH.

45:46 - A TRACER E AND A SMALL MONUMENT

45:49 - IN THE YARD. IN THE CENTER OF

45:50 - IT WORSE, FORT PITT GETS AN

45:52 - ENTIRE MUSEUM NAMED AFTER I

45:55 - THINK DUQUESNE A CERTAINLY A

45:57 - PART OF PITTSBURGH HISTORY

46:00 - NEEDS A LITTLE MORE ATTENTION,

46:01 - SHOWERED ON IT.

46:02 - >>THAT CONCLUDES THIS EPISODE

46:03 - OF BATTLEFIELD PENNSYLVANIA.

46:05 - THANK YOU, ALLAN GOT JUST FOR

46:06 - PARTICIPATING FOR MORE

46:08 - INFORMATION ON VISITING THE

46:09 - FORT PITT MUSEUM IN POINT STATE

46:10 - PARK. PLEASE VISIT THEIR

46:11 - WEBSITE IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS

46:14 - OR COMMENTS ABOUT TODAY'S

46:15 - EPISODE, WHERE WOULD LIKE TO

46:16 - RECOMMEND FUTURE EPISODES OF

46:18 - BATTLEFIELD PENNSYLVANIA.

46:19 - PLEASE VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT

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46:23 - JOINING US.