00:29 - >>HELLO, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.

00:30 - AND WELCOME THE BATTLEFIELD.

00:32 - PENNSYLVANIA. TODAY WE'RE ON

00:33 - LOCATION IN CONTENDING

00:35 - ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

00:36 - AND 17. 56, THE COLONY OF

00:38 - PENNSYLVANIA LAUNCHED ITS FIRST

00:40 - MILITARY CAMPAIGN AGAINST AN

00:41 - INDIAN VILLAGE HERE. CONTENT.

00:44 - THE RESULTS WERE MIXED WITH.

00:45 - THE VICTORY WAS LOUD AND

00:46 - TREMENDOUSLY THROUGHOUT THE

00:47 - BRITISH EMPIRE, EVEN ITS

00:49 - COMMANDING OFFICER, JOHN

00:50 - ARMSTRONG HAD HIS DOUBTS YEARS

00:52 - AFTER THE EVENT. I'M YOUR HOST

00:54 - BREAK, RIGHT, SIR. JOINING ME

00:56 - TODAY TO DISCUSS THE CONTENDING

00:57 - RATE OF 17, 56 IS DANIEL BAHR,

01:00 - PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT ROBERT

01:01 - MORRIS UNIVERSITY. AND THANKS

01:03 - FOR BEING THANKS FOR HAVING.

01:05 - TELL US A LITTLE ABOUT YOUR

01:06 - BACK.

01:07 - >>AN EARLY AMERICAN HISTORIAN.

01:08 - I GOT MY PHD FROM KENT STATE

01:11 - UNIVERSITY. WHAT ABOUT FOR

01:13 - ABOUT 16 YEARS AGO? NOW?

01:14 - AND THEN MY RESEARCH INTERESTS

01:16 - OF ALWAYS KIND OF BEEN LOCAL

01:17 - WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA WE'VE DONE

01:20 - A LOT OF WORK WITH THE DELAWARE

01:21 - INDIANS LED A LINEUP IS WHAT WE

01:23 - WANT TO WE RETURN. YOU WANT TO

01:24 - REFER TO THEM AS AND BEEN

01:26 - STARING A LOT OF MY MOST RECENT

01:27 - WORK ON EARLY HISTORY OF

01:28 - PITTSBURGH.

01:29 - >>WELL, SPEAKING OF PITTSBURGH,

01:30 - WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, BEEN LIKE

01:32 - IN THE 17 50'S.

01:33 - WELL, THERE WASN'T A WHOLE LOT

01:34 - HERE. YOU KNOW, FRONTLINE LEAST

01:36 - NOT IN TERMS OF PENNSYLVANIA.

01:38 - >>EVERYTHING PRETTY MUCH EAST

01:39 - OF OUR CITY, WEST OF THE

01:40 - APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. I WAS

01:42 - INDIAN TERRITORY. PITTSBURGH

01:44 - WAS AND THIS WAS A STAT WASN'T

01:45 - ESTABLISHED YET. EVEN THE

01:47 - FLEDGLING COLONIAL EFFORTS TO

01:49 - ESTABLISH FORTS. THEY'RE ONLY

01:50 - JUST GETTING STARTED. AND MOST

01:52 - OF THE TERRITORY WAS WAS INDIAN

01:54 - COUNTRY, ESPECIALLY UP THE

01:55 - ALLEGHENY RIVER HERE ABOUT 40

01:57 - MILES NORTH OF THE CONFLUENCE,

01:58 - THE FORCE OF THE OHIO RIVER.

02:00 - THIS WAS DELAWARE COUNTRY OR

02:02 - WAS BECOMING. AND, YOU KNOW,

02:03 - DELAWARE COUNTRY HAD BEEN

02:04 - REALLY FUN SINCE ABOUT 17 20'S.

02:07 - >>YOU MENTION THE DELAWARE.

02:08 - THEY LIVE HERE. THEY'RE THE

02:09 - DOMINANT FORCE, BUT THEY'RE

02:10 - NEWCOMERS. SO COULD YOU TELL

02:11 - US ABOUT THE HISTORY SHORT?

02:13 - GOSH, YEAH. WERE NEW TO WESTERN

02:15 - PENNSYLVANIA, ACTUALLY ONLY A

02:16 - PORTION OF THE DELAWARE.

02:17 - SO IT COME TO WESTERN

02:18 - PENNSYLVANIA.

02:19 - >>AND THE PEOPLE THAT OFTEN GET

02:20 - LUMPED TOGETHER REFERRED TO AS

02:21 - THE DELAWARE INDIANS I'VE BEEN

02:23 - HAPPENING, THE REGION OF WHAT

02:25 - BECOMES THOSE THE DELAWARE

02:26 - RIVER FOR AS FAR BACK. I GUESS

02:28 - WE HAVE RECORDED HISTORY AND

02:30 - CERTAINLY BEFORE THAT WHAT

02:31 - PENNSYLVANIA WAS ESTABLISHED IN

02:32 - 16, 82 AND THE DELAWARE'S

02:35 - RELEASED A PORTION OF

02:36 - DELAWARE'S ENTERED INTO WHAT

02:37 - BECAME VERY GOOD FRIENDLY

02:39 - RELATIONS WITH WILLIAM PENN

02:40 - AND HIS HIS GOVERNMENT, AT

02:42 - LEAST FOR A TIME. BUT BY THE

02:44 - TIME YOU GET TO THE 17 20'S,

02:45 - 40 YEARS OR SO INTO THE

02:47 - ESTABLISHMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA,

02:49 - THE PRESSURE FOR LAND IN

02:50 - SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA WAS

02:51 - ALREADY BUILDING TO THE POINT

02:53 - WHERE TENSIONS WERE RISING,

02:55 - PENNSYLVANIA BECAUSE OF THE

02:56 - STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT,

02:57 - THE WAY UP AND CREATED IN THESE

02:58 - MANDATES ABOUT DEALING WITH

03:00 - THE INDIANS AS EQUALS IN THEIR

03:01 - FRIENDLY MANNER, KEPT IT FROM,

03:04 - YOU KNOW, DIVULGING INTO WAR

03:05 - LIKE HAPPENED IN VIRGINIA.

03:06 - ARE MASSACHUSETTS FAIRLY OR

03:07 - VERY EARLY ON? WHEN YOU LOOK AT

03:08 - THOSE COUNTIES THAT DOESN'T

03:09 - HAPPEN IN PENNSYLVANIA, BUT THE

03:10 - TENSIONS WERE STILL THERE AND

03:12 - THE DELAWARE'S BEGAN TO MOVE

03:14 - AND SHIFT LEAST A PORTION OF

03:15 - THEM AGAIN IS NOT ALL OF THEM.

03:17 - A LOT OF US STARTED TO MOVE

03:18 - AND A MOVE FIRST WEST TO THE

03:19 - SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AND THEN A

03:21 - LITTLE BIT NORTH UP THE

03:22 - SUSQUEHANNA RIVER NORTH OF

03:23 - WHERE HARRISBURG IS NOW, THE

03:25 - TIME WE GET TO THE LATE 17

03:26 - 20'S.

03:27 - >>THERE WAS A SEGMENT, A

03:29 - PORTION OF THE DELAWARE IS VERY

03:30 - DIFFICULT TO DEFINE JUST HOW

03:31 - MANY.

03:32 - >>WHO DECIDED THAT THEIR BEST

03:33 - RECOURSE WAS ACTUALLY TO MOVE

03:35 - OVER THE MOUNTAINS TO A PLACE

03:37 - THAT THEY CALL THE PLACE ON

03:38 - THE OTHER SIDE AND THERE TO TRY

03:40 - TO KIND OF RECONSTITUTE THEIR

03:41 - LIVES FREE FROM COLONIAL

03:44 - ENTANGLEMENTS ARE PRESSURES

03:45 - FOR LAND OR WE'RE ALL IN THIS.

03:47 - ALL THE ALL THE STUFF THAT CAME

03:48 - WITH THE WITH THE GROWING ALL

03:49 - THE PRESSURE IS ON THE END.

03:50 - IT'S GOING TO GROWING

03:51 - POPULATION OF EASTERN

03:52 - PENNSYLVANIA AND THOSE INDIANS

03:54 - CAME TO THE PLACE ALONG THE

03:56 - STREAM, BASICALLY AS AS THEY

03:58 - NAMED IN THE WILL NOT BE

03:59 - LANGUAGE AND CONTENDING REALLY

04:00 - BECOMES A KIND OF A GATEWAY

04:03 - VILLAGE. YOU KNOW, WE HAVE TO

04:05 - ESTIMATES OF THE OF THE SIZE OF

04:06 - THE VILLAGE OF COME FROM VERY

04:07 - DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS IN ABOUT

04:09 - 25 YEARS APART. AND THEY

04:10 - ROUGHLY AND LAY OUT THE SAME

04:13 - ESTIMATED SIZE OF THE VILLAGE.

04:14 - ABUL FROM INDIAN TRAIL IS ONE

04:16 - FOR MANY. A TRADER ONCE WERE

04:16 - FORMER CAPTIVE. WHAT KIND OF

04:19 - GOING KIND OF TAKE AWAY FROM

04:20 - THAT AS A TANNING IS THE

04:21 - POPULATIONS KIND OF TRANSITORY.

04:23 - THEY ONLY COME HERE TO STAY AS

04:24 - WHAT WE THINK. BUT THE KIND OF

04:26 - COME OVER THE MOUNTAINS ALONG

04:27 - THE OLD FRANKSTOWN PATH WILL

04:28 - BE DEPENDENT. JOB BECOMES KNOWS

04:29 - THE CONTENDING TRAIL THEY COME

04:31 - HERE ALONG THE RIVER. THEY

04:33 - CROSS THE RIVER AND THEN THEY

04:34 - START TO SPREAD OUT. SO I WAS

04:36 - ALWAYS LIKE AND CONTENDING TO A

04:37 - 2 TO A GATEWAY VILLAGE. IT'S

04:38 - THEIR PLACE ON THE OTHER SIDE.

04:40 - BUT IT'S NOT THE PERMANENT

04:41 - LANDING AREA. IT'S KIND OF THE

04:43 - STARTING POINT. THEY KIND OF

04:44 - COME HERE GET THEIR BEARINGS.

04:46 - YOU KNOW, IN THIS NEW PLACE ON

04:47 - THEIR SIDE, THE MOUNTAINS.

04:48 - AND THEN ONCE THEY'RE READY TO

04:50 - MOVE ON, WHETHER IT'S, YOU

04:51 - KNOW, OVER TO THE CUSK EELS ARE

04:53 - UP AND UP ALONG FRENCH CREEK

04:55 - BECOMES AN OWNER OR ANYWHERE

04:57 - ELSE. YOU KNOW, DOWN IN THROUGH

04:58 - HERE, SORT OF A GATEWAY TO THE

04:59 - WEST, YOU COULD SAY ABSOLUTELY.

05:01 - YES. WHAT DID CONTAIN LOOK LIKE

05:03 - IN THE 17 50'S. BUT WE'VE SEEN

05:05 - HERE ALMOST WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT

05:08 - >>COMES FROM EITHER INDIAN

05:09 - TRADERS REPORTS OR THERE WAS A

05:10 - MAP DRAWN BY FORMER CAPTIVE IN

05:12 - THE 17 50'S. IT'S REALLY NOT

05:14 - ONE VILLAGE. IT'S A CLUSTER OF

05:16 - AT LEAST 7 LITTLE GROUPINGS OF

05:21 - HOUSES. MAYBE YOU CAN EVEN CALL

05:22 - THEM VILLAGE CLUSTERS RANGING

05:24 - ANYWHERE KIND OF SEMI PERMANENT

05:26 - LODGES TO IN SOME CASES, A LOG

05:29 - CABINS AND BY 17 50'S, AT LEAST

05:31 - WE'RE STARTING TO BUILD SOME

05:31 - MORE PERMANENT, A TYPE OF

05:33 - HOUSING HERE. IT FROM ABOUT A

05:37 - 3 MILE WIDE, A SWATH OF THE

05:39 - EASTERN PART OF THE RIVER

05:40 - RANGING FROM A LITTLE BIT SOUTH

05:42 - OF WHERE WE'RE SITTING HERE

05:42 - ALONG THE RIVER UP ALL THE WAY

05:44 - UP TO THE COWANS HANEKE CREEK,

05:46 - WHICH IS ABOUT 2 AND A HALF

05:46 - MILES NORTH OF US. NOW THAT

05:49 - WOULD HAVE INCLUDED A LOT OF

05:50 - AGRICULTURAL FIELDS IN BETWEEN

05:52 - THE VILLAGE CLUSTERS, MOSTLY

05:53 - CORN FIELD. THEN YOU HAD A

05:54 - SMALLER A SETTLEMENT ON THE

05:56 - WEST BANK OF THE RIVER AS WELL

05:59 - IN THE POPULATION WAS

06:01 - FAIRLEY'S. THAT WOULD CAUSE

06:03 - BUT THE ESTIMATE IT WOULD WE

06:04 - HAVEN'T. 17 30'S IS OF ANYWHERE

06:07 - FROM ABOUT 100 OR SO FAMILIES.

06:09 - I WAS AN ESTIMATE FROM AN

06:10 - INDIAN TRADER AND THEN WHEN WE

06:12 - GET THE ESTIMATED 17 50'S ABOUT

06:14 - 400 TO 500 TOTAL PEOPLE WITH

06:16 - CHIVES ABOUT A SIMILAR NUMBER

06:18 - AND AT LEAST LEAVE JUST TO

06:19 - ASSUME THAT MOST OF THE PEOPLE

06:20 - TO LOWER PEOPLE'S COMING

06:21 - THROUGH HERE ARE STAYING FOR A

06:23 - WHILE, A SEMI PERMANENTLY

06:25 - BECAUSE YOU HAVE A STREAM OF

06:26 - DELAWARE IS COMING. THE SLATE

06:27 - 17, 2017. 37 TO 40'S RIGHT UP

06:29 - REALLY TO THE FRENCH IN THE

06:30 - WAR. THEY CONTINUE TO COME

06:31 - ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS AND IN

06:33 - SMALL GROUPS AND THEY TANNING

06:35 - SEEM TO BE KIND OF THEIR THEIR

06:36 - PLACE WHERE THEY WOULD COME AND

06:37 - STAY FOR A WHILE, GET THEIR

06:38 - BEARINGS AND THEN MOVE ON

06:39 - FURTHER WEST. NOW, HOW DID

06:41 - THESE PEOPLE PICK THEIR

06:42 - LEADERSHIP? WE KNOW WHO WOULD

06:43 - HAVE BEEN LEAGUE LEADERSHIP

06:45 - HERE IN JAPAN.

06:46 - >>WHAT WE KNOW SOME WE DON'T

06:47 - KNOW ALL THE POLICE AT THE TIME

06:48 - OF THE RAID AND 17. 56. WE KNOW

06:52 - THAT. WELL, JUST A GUESS.

06:54 - NOT TOO FAR FROM WHERE WE'RE

06:55 - SITTING HERE, MAYBE A LITTLE

06:55 - BIT SOUTH. THERE WAS A CLUSTER

06:58 - OF LOG CABINS THAT WAS MORE

06:59 - OF A PERMIT STRUCTURE THEY WERE

07:01 - AT THE TIME WAS UNDER THE

07:02 - LEADERSHIP A WAR LEADER.

07:04 - AND CAPTAIN JACOBS ON THE OTHER

07:07 - SIDE, THE RIVER WAS SHOWING

07:08 - US THE COLONISTS REFERRED TO AT

07:11 - LEAST THE PENNSYLVANIA

07:12 - AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO AS THE

07:13 - KING OF THE DELAWARE ZILLOW

07:14 - REALLY WASN'T A KING IN THAT

07:15 - SENSE. HE WAS MORE OF A MAN HAD

07:17 - BEEN ELECTED BY SEVERAL

07:18 - DIFFERENT DELAWARE APOLOGIES OR

07:20 - OR VILLAGE GROUPS TO BE THERE.

07:21 - THEY'RE KIND OF LEAD SPEAKER,

07:23 - THEIR HEAD MAN. WE ALSO AT A

07:24 - MACH ONE WAS ON THE SIDE OF

07:26 - THE RIVER, WOULD HAVE BEEN A

07:27 - LITTLE CLOSER UP TO THE HILLS

07:28 - THAT ARE OVER HERE IN OUR OUR

07:29 - FOREGROUND. SO WE DON'T KNOW

07:31 - EVERYBODY THAT WE DO HAVE SOME

07:33 - WHO ARE HERE LEADERSHIP, AT

07:35 - LEAST AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL FOR

07:37 - THE DELAWARE'S WAS LARGELY

07:38 - BASED ON LEADERSHIP ABILITIES.

07:41 - THERE WAS SOME FAMILY LINEAGE

07:43 - INVOLVED, BUT IT WASN'T ALWAYS

07:44 - ABSOLUTE, FOR EXAMPLE, TO THE

07:47 - INDIVIDUALS I MENTIONED, SHAMED

07:48 - US. WAS IT OFTEN REGARDED KIND

07:51 - OF IS THE PRINCIPAL DELAWARE

07:52 - WAR LEADER DURING THE FRENCH, A

07:54 - WAR OF THOSE REALLY ONLY ONE

07:55 - OF THEM HIS BROTHERS WITH TO

07:58 - MOCK WAS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS

07:59 - THE BEAVER WAS MORE OF A WANTED

08:01 - TO TAKE A DIFFERENT ROAD, MORE

08:02 - OF A PEACEFUL TAX THROUGH THE

08:03 - WAR THEY HAVE ANOTHER BROTHER

08:06 - PURSE, CATTLEMEN WHO WAS ALSO

08:07 - WOULD HAVE BEEN HERE 10 17.

08:08 - 56, ALL 3 OF THOSE WERE

08:11 - INDIVIDUALS WERE NEPHEWS OF A

08:12 - LLAMA PEAS WHO WAS A CHIEF

08:15 - SPOKESMEN VERY WELL-KNOWN

08:18 - POLITICAL LEADER AMONG THE

08:19 - EASTERN DELAWARE'S THE GROUP

08:20 - THAN EVER NEVER LEFT THE

08:22 - SUSQUEHANNA RIVER TO COME OVER

08:23 - HERE AND THEY REALLY THE 3

08:25 - BROTHERS KIND OF BROKE WITH

08:26 - THEIR FAMILY BY MOVING OUT

08:28 - HERE. THEY SAW THEIR ANKLE KIND

08:29 - OF AS A FAILED LEADER AND THEY

08:32 - LEFT LARGELY BECAUSE A LOT OF A

08:33 - PIECE HAD APPOINTED AND WE

08:35 - THINK IS THE ELDEST OF THE 3

08:37 - BROTHERS.

08:37 - >>TO BE HIS SUCCESSOR. BUT THE

08:40 - PENNSYLVANIA IN A COUNTY IN

08:41 - CONCERT WITH THE IROQUOIS

08:43 - REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE AND IT'S

08:45 - BEING THE HEIR TO A LOT OF

08:46 - PEAS. AND SO LITERALLY KIND

08:48 - OF AS AS AS A PROTEST AGAINST

08:50 - THE PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNMENT

08:51 - AND THEIR THEIR PARTNERS.

08:52 - THE IROQUOIS, THESE 3 DELAWARE

08:54 - LEADERS TOOK THEIR FOLLOWERS IN

08:55 - THE CAME OVER THE RIVER.

08:57 - >>BUT THE MID 17 40'S OR SKIN

08:58 - OVER THE MOUNTAINS. BUT THE

08:59 - MID

08:59 - 70 40'S.

09:00 - >>WELL, YOU MENTIONED THE

09:01 - IROQUOIS. WHAT WAS THEIR

09:03 - RELATIONSHIP LIKE WITH THE

09:04 - DELAWARE HERE? BECAUSE IT WAS

09:05 - NOT REALLY A GREAT NOTE WAS NOT

09:07 - A GOOD ONE. IT WAS. IT'S

09:07 - COMPLICATED AND IT GOES BACK A

09:09 - LONG WAYS. IT GETS VERY MURKY.

09:13 - >>IN THE LATE 1600 REALLY

09:15 - STARTED BY THE COLONY OF NEW

09:16 - YORK, ENTERED INTO A

09:17 - PARTNERSHIP WITH THE IROQUOIS

09:19 - EMPIRE, KIND OF A MILITARY,

09:21 - POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ALLIANCE

09:22 - CAN BE KNOWS. THE COVENANT

09:23 - CHANGE AND THAT GREW TO INCLUDE

09:26 - SEVERAL OTHER COLONIES.

09:27 - PENNSYLVANIA JOINED IN THE 17

09:28 - 20'S. AND WHAT HAPPENED WITH

09:30 - THAT IS THAT IS THE IROQUOIS

09:32 - BASI ELEVATED TO A STATUS, AT

09:33 - LEAST IN THE ESTIMATION OF THE

09:34 - COLONIES OF BEING KIND OF THE

09:37 - MASTERS, THE SUPERIORS OF ALL

09:39 - INDIANS IN THE EASTERN

09:40 - WOODLANDS. IT'S VERY CONVENIENT

09:42 - FOR THE COLONIAL AUTHORITIES

09:42 - BECAUSE IT GAVE HIM KIND OF

09:44 - A SINGULAR ENTITY TO DEAL WITH

09:47 - WHEN THEY HAD TROUBLES WITH

09:48 - INDIAN GROUPS. THE IROQUOIS

09:49 - KIND OF BECAME THIS. THIS

09:50 - ARBITRARY FORCE. YOU KNOW, FOR

09:52 - EXAMPLE, WHENEVER THE COLONIES,

09:54 - WE HAVE DIFFICULTIES WITH

09:55 - INDIANS USUALLY ALWAYS OVER

09:56 - LAND. THE IROQUOIS COULD BE

09:57 - CALLED IN TO BE, YOU KNOW, THE

09:59 - PEOPLE WHO WOULD SOLVE THAT.

10:00 - THEY ALMOST ALWAYS FAVORED OR

10:01 - SETTLED WITH THE COLONIES.

10:03 - THE BEST EXAMPLE COURSE IN

10:03 - PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY TO BE THAT

10:05 - 17. 37 WALKING PURCHASE.

10:07 - I WOULD CALL THE PENNSYLVANIA

10:08 - PRODUCED A DOCUMENT THAT WAS,

10:10 - YOU KNOW, MOST HISTORIANS HAVE

10:12 - DISCREDITED AT THIS POINT, BUT

10:14 - THEY WERE ABLE TO DEFRAUD THE

10:16 - SAME OF DELAWARE INDIANS OUT OF

10:18 - A CHUNK OF LAND IN EASTERN

10:19 - PENNSYLVANIA. THAT'S ROUGHLY

10:20 - THE SIZE OF RHODE ISLAND TODAY.

10:22 - DELAWARE'S WHO PROTESTED,

10:23 - REFUSED TO MOVE OFF THAT LAND

10:26 - ON THE RECORD WERE CALLED IN,

10:27 - YOU KNOW, KIND OF TO SETTLE

10:28 - THIS HERE. COY RULED THAT THE

10:30 - DELAWARE IS ACTUALLY WHERE WHAT

10:32 - THEY REFER TO AS WOMEN, WHAT

10:33 - THEY WERE UNDER THE POWER OF

10:35 - THE RECORD THAT THEY WERE

10:36 - BASING THEIR KIND OF POLITICAL

10:37 - WARDS BASED ON THE IDEA THAT

10:39 - THE AIR CUID CONQUERED THE

10:40 - DELAWARE. SOME POINT THE PAST

10:42 - AND THEY SAID YOU YOU ARE IN NO

10:44 - POSITION TO MAKE ALLIANCES WITH

10:46 - ANYBODY OR DIDN'T EARN ANY

10:47 - TREATY AS WITH ANYONE BECAUSE

10:49 - YOU HAVE TO, YOU KNOW, YOU HAVE

10:51 - TO FOLLOW OUR LEAD AND THAT

10:54 - DELAWARE'S HAVE COME OVER THE

10:55 - MOUNTAINS HERE THERE'S BEEN

10:57 - SOME HISTORIANS WHO HAVE WHO

10:58 - HAVE ASSERTED. IT'S AS MUCH AS

10:59 - THEY THINK IT'S KIND OF

11:00 - INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT THAT

11:01 - THEY'RE COMING OVER HERE TO

11:02 - ASSERT

11:03 - THEIR OWN INDEPENDENCE. NOT

11:05 - ONLY FROM PENNSYLVANIA IS

11:06 - GOVERNING AUTHORITY OVER THEM

11:07 - AND ALSO FROM THE RECORD.

11:09 - AND INDEED, WHEN THE WAR

11:10 - STARTS, PENNSYLVANIA GOES TO

11:13 - THE EURO. COIN SAYS YOU HAVE TO

11:15 - YOU HAVE TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT

11:16 - THESE SHAWNEE'S AND MANGOES

11:18 - AND OTHERS. WE'RE COMING OVER

11:20 - THE MOUNTAINS AND STRIKING OUR

11:21 - SETTLEMENTS AND AT LEAST ON ONE

11:22 - OCCASION, THE SEND NEGOTIATORS,

11:25 - YOU KNOW, OVER HERE, THEY'RE

11:27 - NOT VERY WARMLY RECEIVED AND

11:28 - BASICALLY TOLD TO GO BACK OVER

11:30 - THE MOUNTAINS FROM ONCE THEY

11:31 - COME INTO IT, THERE'S ONE LEAST

11:32 - ONE A ONE PROCEEDING WITH THE

11:34 - ACCOUNT, THE DELAWARE TO TELL

11:36 - YOUR CORE SOMETHING TO THE

11:37 - EFFECT OF GO BACK OVER THE

11:38 - MOUNTAINS. BEFORE WE PUT THE

11:39 - PETTY COAT ON YOU. YOU KNOW ME

11:41 - BEFORE WE CONQUER YOU AND MAKE

11:42 - WOMEN OUT OF YOU, WHICH IS,

11:44 - YOU KNOW, KIND OF A OF AN

11:45 - OVERLY RAGGED OSHA'S REMARK.

11:47 - BUT THAT THE DELAWARE CERTAINLY

11:48 - ON THIS SIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS

11:49 - DID NOT SEE THEMSELVES AS A.

11:52 - UNDER THE WATCH OF THE YEAR

11:53 - QUARTER BEHOLDEN TO YOUR POINT

11:55 - CONTROL WHATSOEVER.

11:57 - >>NOW YOU MENTIONED

11:57 - PENNSYLVANIA AND THE POLITICS

11:59 - OF PENNSYLVANIA ARE GOING TO

12:00 - PLAY A LOT INTO THE STORY.

12:01 - SO WHAT WAS THE POLITICAL

12:02 - MAKEUP OF PHILADELPHIA DURING

12:04 - THE 17 50'S?

12:06 - WELL, THE PROBLEM OF

12:09 - >>IT RELEASED THE TIME THE

12:10 - FRENCH INDIAN WAR IS IF IT

12:12 - HAPPENS AT A TIME WHEN

12:13 - PENNSYLVANIA IS ALSO

12:14 - EXPERIENCING, I'M KIND OF A

12:16 - 3 WAY STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL

12:18 - CONTROL WHEN THE GOVERNMENT

12:20 - THAT'S A STRUGGLE REALLY

12:21 - BETWEEN THE THE QUAKERS OF THE

12:23 - WOULD BECOME KIND OF KNOWS THE

12:24 - QUAKER PARTY, WHICH HAD REALLY

12:26 - BEEN IN CONTROL OF

12:27 - PENNSYLVANIA'S ASSEMBLY.

12:28 - ALMOST POLICE IN 17. 0, ONE FOR

12:30 - SURE. BUT ALMOST SINCE THE

12:31 - FOUND.

12:32 - AND THAT'S THE THE LEADERSHIP

12:33 - THAT HAD DEVELOPED PENNSYLVANIA

12:35 - ALONG THE LINES OF PEACEFUL

12:36 - COEXISTENCE WITH THE INDIANS.

12:38 - I KNOW WE ONLY COLONY AT THE

12:40 - TIME THE FRENCH A WAR HAS NO

12:41 - MILITIA, NO MILITARY FORCE

12:42 - BECAUSE OF COURSE, THE QUAKERS

12:43 - ARE PACIFISTS. THEY SEE NO

12:44 - REALLY NO NEED FOR IT. BUT THE

12:47 - LAKERS HAVE BEEN KIND OF

12:48 - GRADUALLY LOSING A LITTLE BIT

12:50 - OF AUTHORITY, A LITTLE BIT OF

12:51 - POWER TO 2 OTHER FLOW, REALLY

12:53 - TO ONE GROWING OTHER FACTION,

12:54 - THE ASSEMBLY. AND THAT'S WHERE

12:56 - YOU GET THE OTHER 2 PARTS OF

12:57 - THE KIND OF THAT THE POLITICAL

12:58 - STOUSH TRIANGLE, THE STRUGGLE

12:59 - FOR POWER. AND THAT'S THE WILL

13:01 - WOULD FOR BACK LACK OF BETTER

13:03 - TERM IS SIMPLY KNOWS. THE ANTI

13:04 - PROPRIETARY PART. THERE HAD

13:06 - BEEN A STRUGGLE EVEN WITH THE

13:07 - QUAKER PARTY AND THE PEN

13:09 - PROPRIETORSHIPS. THE PENN

13:11 - FAMILY DESCENDANTS OF WILLIAM

13:12 - PENN AND THEIR GOVERNORS WHO

13:13 - ARE APPOINTED BY THE PENN

13:14 - FAMILY I'M GOING BACK REALLY

13:17 - TO 17 20'S ALL THE WAY BACK

13:20 - GOVERNOR ALEXANDER KEITH.

13:21 - THIS IS LA TIMES. WE'RE

13:22 - STARTING THAT THAT STRUGGLE

13:24 - BETWEEN THE QUAKERS IN THE IN

13:25 - THE PROPRIETORSHIPS LARGE TO DO

13:26 - WITH PRIDE OR ZONE, TREMENDOUS

13:29 - AMOUNTS OF LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA

13:30 - IN WHICH WOMEN TAXED ON THE

13:33 - QUAKERS HAD FOR YEARS, TRIED

13:34 - TO BASICALLY INFRINGE UPON SOME

13:37 - OF THAT. AND EVEN AS YOU GO

13:38 - THROUGH THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF

13:39 - THE 18TH CENTURY TO SEE.

13:41 - >>THE PROPRIETORSHIPS GRADUALLY

13:42 - START TO SURRENDER MORE AND

13:43 - MORE GOVERNING AUTHORITY TO

13:44 - THE ASSEMBLY. ONE THING THEY

13:46 - ALWAYS MANAGE TO MAINTAIN WITH

13:47 - THEIR TAX EXEMPT STATUS.

13:49 - OF COURSE, WHEN A WAR BREAKS

13:50 - OUT WHEN THE MAIN QUESTIONS

13:51 - IS, WHO'S GOING TO PAY FOR AND

13:53 - THE PROPRIETOR SHIP WAS IN THE

13:55 - BEGINNING, WE SAID WHAT'S NOT

13:56 - GOING TO BE US, YOU KNOW, WE'RE

13:57 - NOT GOING TO PAY FOR AND THAT

13:58 - BECOMES A MAJOR STRUGGLE FOR

14:00 - POWER. NOW, MAKE IT. THAT WAS A

14:01 - COMPLICATED ENOUGH. YOU HAVE

14:02 - THIS ANTI PROPRIETARY FACTION

14:05 - WHO'S AMONG AMONG ITS PRINCIPAL

14:07 - MEMBERS, WAS A YOUNG AND NOT SO

14:08 - YOUNG, BUT BUT BENJAMIN

14:09 - FRANKLIN AT THIS TIME AND THEY

14:11 - WANTED TO BASICALLY TO STRIP

14:13 - THE PENN FAMILY OF ALL, NOT

14:15 - JUST ALL POWER, BUT EVEN ALL

14:17 - LANDS IN PENNSYLVANIA. THERE'S

14:18 - A MOVEMENT THAT FRANKLIN HEADS

14:20 - UP TO TRY TO MAKE PENNSYLVANIA

14:21 - A ROYAL COLONY TO BRING IT

14:22 - UNDER DIRECT CONTROL OF THE

14:23 - BRITISH GOVERNMENT. AND THEIR

14:25 - ARGUMENT WAS BASICALLY THAT

14:26 - THE PENN FAMILY WAS INEFFICIENT

14:29 - IN THE GOVERNORS WERE MORE

14:31 - BEHOLDEN TO THE INTERESTS OF

14:32 - THE PROPRIETOR TO THE PENN

14:33 - FAMILY THAN TO TO THE INTERESTS

14:35 - OF THE PEOPLE. AND SO IN THE

14:36 - WAR BREAKS OUT, YOU HAVE THIS

14:38 - FRACTIOUS POLITICAL DIVIDE

14:41 - BETWEEN THE 3 ALL KIND OF VYING

14:42 - FOR POWER FOR ONE ANOTHER.

14:44 - THE QUAKERS WILL BE OUT REALLY

14:45 - WHEN THEY MAY FAIL TO STAND FOR

14:47 - ELECTIONS IN THE FALL OF 18 OR

14:48 - 17. KIND OF SLIDE OUT FROM

14:51 - POWER, WHICH REALLY BRINGS THE

14:52 - ANTI PREPARED PROPRIETARY

14:53 - FORCES AND THE PROPRIETOR SHIP

14:55 - RIGHT INTO, YOU KNOW, AHEAD

14:57 - AND SOME OF WHAT COMES AT LEAST

14:58 - IN THE AFTERMATH OF OF THIS.

15:00 - THIS RAID ON CONTAINING THE WAY

15:01 - IT IS KIND OF SOLD TO THE

15:03 - PUBLIC ARE MARKETED REALLY TO

15:04 - THE PUBLIC IS VERY POLITICAL

15:06 - IN NATURE. A LOT OF WHAT YOU

15:07 - CAN SEE, WHAT YOU KNOW, WHEN

15:08 - YOU LOOK AT WHAT THEY SAY

15:09 - VERSUS WHAT REALLY HAPPENED.

15:11 - WE START TO TRY TO ASK THE

15:12 - QUESTION WHY WE WHY THEY'RE

15:14 - PRESENTING IT THIS WAY. WAS

15:15 - THE PROPRIETOR SHIP PRESENTING

15:16 - IT THIS WAY TO THE POPULATION

15:17 - OF PENNSYLVANIA? THERE ARE

15:18 - SEVERAL REASONS FOR THE ONCE

15:20 - DEFINITELY POLITICAL. YOU KNOW,

15:21 - THEY'RE TRYING TO HOLD ON AND

15:24 - GET AT LEAST AN APPEARANCE THAT

15:25 - THEY'RE IN FIRM CONTROL OF THE

15:26 - SITUATION IN PENNSYLVANIA.

15:28 - EVERY THINGS WELL IN HAND

15:29 - BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT THIS ANTI

15:30 - PREPARED PROPRIETARY PARTY LED

15:32 - BY FRANKLIN. IT IS LOBBYING IN

15:34 - ENGLAND TO HAVE THE PENN FAMILY

15:35 - REMOVED FROM THE UPPER LEVELS

15:37 - OF POWER ON THE BASIS THAT THEY

15:38 - CAN RUN THE COLONY THAT CAN

15:39 - PROTECT THE PEOPLE THAT THERE

15:41 - JUST THAT THEY'RE FAILING AND

15:42 - THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD

15:43 - STEP IN AND TAKE DIRECT

15:44 - CONTROL. SO THE POLITICAL

15:46 - GROUNDS OF PENNSYLVANIA,

15:47 - NEEDLESS TO SAY, ARE SHIFTING,

15:49 - BUT IT ALL CHANGES WHEN THE

15:50 - FRENCH ARRIVE. SO WHAT DO THE

15:51 - FRENCH TO HEAR? WELL, FRIENDS

15:53 - COME IN AND INVADE.

15:55 - AND THAT INNOVATION IS LARGELY

15:56 - PRECIPITATED ON WHAT THEY

15:57 - PERCEIVE TO BE US AS A THREAT

15:59 - TO THEIR INTERESTS IN THE

16:00 - REGION, WHICH ARE PRIMARILY

16:01 - ECONOMIC. WE REALLY HAD 2

16:02 - DIFFERENT GROUPS OF AMERICAN

16:04 - COLONISTS STARTING TO PUSH INTO

16:05 - THIS REGION. THE LATE 70'S

16:07 - WELL, MID TO LATE 17 40'S, ONE

16:09 - WAS MORE OF A DIRECT ECONOMIC

16:11 - THREAT POSED BY PENCE. A

16:13 - LOOSELY DEFINED AS INDIAN

16:15 - TRADERS ARE COMING ACROSS THE

16:16 - MOUNTAINS. YOU KNOW, TRADE WITH

16:18 - THE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOW LIVING

16:19 - IN THIS RIVER SHED ALSO MOVING

16:21 - FURTHER WEST AND PENETRATING

16:23 - INTO THE OHIO COUNTRY REALLY

16:24 - STARTING TO THREATEN FRENCH

16:26 - COMMERCIAL INTEREST WITH THE

16:27 - L A INDIANS OF THE OHIO COUNTRY

16:29 - IN THE LOWER GREAT LAKES, BUT

16:31 - PART AND PARCEL RIGHT WITH

16:32 - THAT. YOU ALSO HAVE VIRGINIANS

16:33 - COMING UP INTO THIS REGION,

16:35 - ESPECIALLY MORE, YOU KNOW,

16:36 - SOUTH OF HERE TOWARDS

16:37 - PITTSBURGH. AND THEY'RE MUCH

16:38 - MORE INTERESTED IN LAND

16:39 - ACQUISITION THAT'S WASHED

16:41 - SETTLEMENT. BUT SPECULATION,

16:43 - NO LAY THEIR CLAIM TO IT.

16:45 - REDEVELOP IT AND SELL IT AND

16:47 - MAKE MONEY. BOTH OF THOSE ARE

16:49 - SEVERE THREATS TO THE FRENCH,

16:51 - THE FRESHLY NOT HAVE A LOT OF

16:52 - PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, IN THIS AREA,

16:54 - THE NOT HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE IN

16:56 - OHIO COUNTRY IN GENERAL, BUT

16:57 - THEIR ECONOMIC, THE WEB KIND

16:58 - OF THEIR ECONOMIC EMPIRE.

17:00 - CERTAINLY STRETCH TO THIS

17:01 - REGION AND BOTH PENNSYLVANIA

17:04 - AND VIRGINIA TO MOVING OVER

17:05 - THE MOUNTAINS, THREATEN THOSE

17:07 - ECONOMIC INTEREST.

17:08 - PENNSYLVANIANS ON THE ECONOMIC

17:10 - SIDE, WE'RE USUALLY ABLE TO

17:11 - UNDER SELL THE FRENCH AND THE

17:13 - INDIANS BEING FAIRLY SAVVY.

17:15 - CUSTOMERS STARTED TO DEFECT.

17:17 - SOME OF THE UNIONS ARE

17:17 - TRADITIONALLY TRADED WITH THE

17:18 - FRENCH STARTED TO DEFECT TO

17:20 - START DOING THAT, TAKING THEIR

17:21 - BUSINESS TO THE PENNSYLVANIA

17:22 - BECAUSE IT GOT BETTER GOODS FOR

17:23 - BETTER PRICES. AND THEN YOU

17:25 - HAD THE VIRGINIANS WHO ARE

17:26 - COMING UP AND ULTIMATELY, YOU

17:28 - KNOW, THE UNIONS BEEN ALLOWED

17:29 - OR BIN ABLE TO SEE THEIR PLANS,

17:32 - MAYBE THROUGH TO THE END, THEY

17:33 - WOULD HAVE STARTED TO DISPLACE

17:34 - IN THE AS MUCH AS THEY DID ON

17:36 - THE OTHER PART OF VIRGINIA,

17:37 - WHICH WOULD HAVE DIRECTLY

17:37 - REMOVED FRANCE'S NATIVE

17:39 - CUSTOMERS FROM THE REGION.

17:40 - SO THE FRENCH YOU KNOW, IT IS

17:43 - TO INVADE THAT REALLY STARTS

17:45 - AND 17. 48, WHEN THE KIND OF

17:46 - SEND THE MILITARY FACT-FINDING

17:48 - MISSION UNDER A CENTER ON THE

17:50 - BLONDE FEEL DOWN THROUGH HERE

17:51 - TO KIND OF JUST ASSESS THE

17:52 - SITUATION COMES RIGHT DOWN THE

17:53 - RIVER BEHIND US HERE, STOPPING

17:55 - AT VARIOUS INDIAN VILLAGES IS

17:57 - VERY ALARMED TO FIND OUT THAT

18:00 - THE AFFINITY FOR FRANCIS IS

18:02 - REALLY NOT TO BE FOUND IN TOO

18:03 - MANY PLACES. AND SOMEBODY

18:04 - GUARDS ALWAYS THOUGHT HE

18:05 - MISREAD THE SITUATION A LITTLE

18:07 - BIT BECAUSE YOU WE READ SOME OF

18:08 - HIS ACCOUNT. HE TALKS ABOUT HOW

18:09 - THE INDIANS HERE ALL YOU

18:12 - TIGHTLY TIED TO THE TO THE

18:13 - BRITISH, WHICH IS NECESSARY.

18:15 - REALLY THE CASE. BUT, YOU KNOW,

18:17 - MOST OF THE DELAWARE IS

18:18 - ESPECIALLY THAT DEALS WITH

18:19 - THEIR COMMERCIAL TIES ARE MUCH

18:21 - MORE TO PENNSYLVANIA, MACY'S

18:22 - THAT CERTAINLY AS A THREAT THAT

18:24 - MENTIONED MAKES HIS WAY FAR

18:25 - DOWN, EVEN DOWN TO THE OHIO

18:26 - MAKES HIS WAY BACK UP AND

18:27 - DELIVERS, YOU KNOW, VERY

18:28 - ALARMING REPORT TO SUPERIORS

18:30 - AND CANDIDATE THAT TAKES THE

18:31 - FRENCH SEVERAL YEARS TO KIND OF

18:33 - GEAR UP TO GET THEMSELVES

18:34 - READY. ONE 17, 53. THEY LAUNCH

18:36 - A MILITARY EXPEDITION. THEY

18:39 - START TO BUILD A SERIES OF FORT

18:40 - STARTING AT PRESQUE ISLE AND

18:42 - GRADUALLY MOVING DOWN FRENCH

18:44 - CREEK DOWN HERE TO THE

18:46 - ALLEGHENY RIVER. THAT IS KIND

18:47 - OF A BIG JUMP OFF, YOU KNOW,

18:48 - FOR FOR TO SHOW UP. AND

18:49 - FRANKLIN DOWN TO 17. 54

18:52 - EVENTUALLY FOR TO PAY. BUT

18:53 - THEIR IDEA BASICALLY WAS.

18:56 - TO BUILD A WALL OF

18:56 - FORTIFICATION WITH A CALL TO

18:57 - LINE THE FORTIFICATION THAT AT

19:00 - LEAST IN THEORY WOULD ALLOW THE

19:01 - FRENCH TO ACCOMPLISH A DUAL

19:03 - GOAL KIND OF BUILD A, YOU KNOW,

19:05 - OF A BARRIER, A MORE OF A

19:07 - VIRTUAL BARRIER THAN REAL

19:08 - BARRIER TO BUILD A BARRIER TO

19:10 - KEEP THESE PENNSYLVANIANS AND

19:11 - VIRGINIANS FROM MOVING BE ON

19:14 - THE LINE OF THE ALLEGHENY RIVER

19:15 - AND ALSO BY STAB IN FORT AND

19:17 - GARRISON THEM WITH TROOPS.

19:19 - THE KIND OF INTIMIDATES OR,

19:21 - YOU KNOW, KIND OF FORCE THE

19:23 - LOCAL INDIANS TO COMPLY WITH

19:25 - FRENCH TRADE DEMANDS RELEASE TO

19:27 - RECOGNIZE THE FRENCH, THE

19:28 - FRENCH SPECIALLY A FORMER SHOW.

19:29 - TELL US AROUND THE INDIANS.

19:30 - WE'RE NOT GOING TO TAKE YOUR

19:31 - LAND. WE'RE NOT GOING TO RUN

19:32 - YOU OUT OF HERE, BUT YOU WILL

19:33 - TRADE ONLY WITH US OR ELSE.

19:36 - YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU LOOK AT

19:37 - SOMETHING LIKE COSTELLO GUST

19:39 - TOWN, RED CROSS IN RIGHT, VERY

19:40 - CLOSE PROXIMITY TO A FRENCH

19:42 - FORT, YOU KNOW, THOSE INDIANS

19:44 - FAN OF DEVELOP A MUCH CLOSER

19:45 - AFFINITY FOR THE FRENCH.

19:46 - MAYBE THEN SOME GOT AROUND TO

19:47 - TANNING OR FURTHER WEST OUT TO

19:49 - DISCUSS KEYS, WHICH IS AROUND

19:51 - NEWCASTLE BECAUSE THE FRENCH

19:52 - AREN'T DIRECTLY THERE WHEN THE

19:54 - FRENCH COME IN. AND OF COURSE,

19:55 - THAT THROWS EVERYTHING UP IN

19:57 - THE AIR FOR PENNSYLVANIA

19:58 - BECAUSE NOW THE QUESTION IS

19:59 - WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO ABOUT

20:00 - THIS? AND YOU DON'T HAVE

20:02 - BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE A

20:02 - UNIFIED GOVERNMENT. YOU DON'T

20:04 - HAVE A UNIFIED RESPONSE.

20:05 - YOU'VE GOT QUAKERS WHO DON'T

20:06 - WANT TO DO ANYTHING. MILITARY

20:08 - AND THEY MUCH RATHER SEEK SOME

20:09 - SORT OF A DIPLOMATIC SOLUTION

20:11 - WE'VE GOT THE ANTI PROPRIETARY

20:12 - PARTY WHO'S GOING TO ADVOCATE

20:14 - FOR WHATEVER THE

20:15 - PROPRIETORSHIPS. THE OFFICERS

20:16 - SAID WHATEVER THE PROPRIETOR

20:18 - SHIP ONCE YOU KNOW, THE

20:19 - PROPRIETORSHIPS WANTS TO DEFEND

20:21 - THE LAND IS IN WANTS TO ASSERT

20:23 - A CLAIM OR BUT THEY WANT TO PAY

20:24 - FOR IT. SO I MEAN THAT THE

20:25 - WHOLE THING JUST MAKES THE

20:26 - MUDDLED POLITICAL SITUATION ALL

20:29 - THAT MUCH WORSE WHEN THE WAR

20:31 - BEGINS CONTENDING PRETTY

20:32 - HEAVILY SIDES WITH THE FRENCH.

20:34 - WE TALK ABOUT HOW THAT DECISION

20:35 - WAS MADE. WELL, THERE'S THERE'S

20:37 - THERE'S DIFFERING OPINIONS,

20:39 - BUT IT'S JUST THERE'S

20:40 - UNCERTAINTY BECAUSE WE'RE NOT

20:42 - ENTIRELY SURE. HOW THE HOW THAT

20:46 - PROCESS PLAYS OUT FOR THE

20:47 - INDIANS. WHAT THAT CHAIN OF

20:48 - THOUGHT WAS EXACTLY WE DO KNOW

20:53 - DELAWARE, SPECIALLY SHOWING

20:54 - US WHO WAS NOT A CONTENDING AT

20:56 - THE START OF THE WARRING WITH

20:57 - IT BEEN DOWN CLOSER. HE HAD

20:59 - A VILLAGE IS MUCH CLOSER TO

21:00 - BEAVER. WERE BEAVER FALLS,

21:02 - PENNSYLVANIA. HE TAKES A

21:03 - DELEGATION OF DELAWARE'S AND

21:05 - ACTUALLY WHEN EDWARD JENNER AND

21:07 - A BRADDOCK IS MARCHING TOWARDS

21:08 - FORT DUQUESNE, HE TAKES A

21:10 - DELEGATION OF THE INDIANS,

21:11 - MOSTLY DELAWARE'S WITH SOME

21:12 - SHAWNEE'S AND OTHERS AND GOES

21:13 - DOWN TO MEET WITH THE GENERAL.

21:15 - ANY ACTUALLY OFFERS MILITARY

21:17 - ASSISTANCE TO THE BRITISH

21:18 - AGAINST THE FRENCH WITH ONE,

21:21 - YOU KNOW, IS ONE CONDITION THAT

21:22 - IS WHEN IT'S ALL SAID AND DONE

21:23 - THAT THE BRITISH RECOGNIZE THAT

21:25 - THIS IS INDIAN TERRITORY.

21:26 - THEY TAKE THEIR ARMY, THEY

21:27 - LEAVE AND LET THE INDIANS

21:29 - REMAIN HERE IN PEACE. BRADDOCK,

21:31 - OF COURSE, FAMILY SAYS THAT

21:32 - THAT'S NOT GOING TO HAPPEN.

21:33 - THAT THAT AREA WILL BE ABSORBED

21:35 - INTO THE COLONIES AND, YOU

21:36 - KNOW, ITS EXACT FOCUSED

21:37 - SOMETHING EFFECTIVE, KNOW,

21:38 - SAVAGE SHALL INHERIT THE LAND.

21:40 - WELL, THAT DOESN'T SIT WELL,

21:41 - OF COURSE, WITH THE INDIANS

21:43 - SHOWING US LEAVES IN A HUFF

21:45 - THE NEXT TIME WE HEAR FROM

21:46 - MERCY WITHIN IS ALIGNED WITH

21:48 - THE FRENCH. YOU KNOW, IT'S

21:49 - MURKY IS EXACTLY WHEN DOES THAT

21:51 - HAPPEN? MOST HISTORIANS DON'T

21:53 - BELIEVE THAT POLICE THE LOCAL,

21:54 - DELAWARE'S AND SHAWNEE'S HAD

21:56 - MUCH OF ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE

21:57 - ACTUAL BATTLE OF BRAD. THAT

22:00 - RESULTS IN BRADDOCK DEFEAT.

22:01 - AND IF THERE WERE ANY THERE,

22:03 - THAT WAS PROBABLY A SMALL

22:04 - AMOUNT THAT CERTAINLY SEEMS TO

22:05 - BE THAT AFTER THAT AFTER

22:07 - BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT, I'M THE KIND

22:09 - OF THE CRUSHING NATURE OF IT

22:11 - THAT MOST OF THE LOCAL INDIANS

22:12 - LEAST THE ALLEGHENY RIVER

22:13 - REGION, INDIANS DECIDE. WELL.

22:15 - WE'RE FACED WITH A SITUATION

22:17 - HERE IS THERE'S GOING TO BE A

22:18 - WAR IS GOING TO BE A CONFLICT.

22:20 - WE DON'T WANT TO GET CAUGHT IN

22:21 - THE MIDDLE OF IT. WE HAVE TO

22:22 - PICK A SIDE AND MOST OF THEM

22:24 - PICKED BEST SHOW, CHOOSE TO

22:25 - SIDE WITH THE FRENCH. BUT I'VE

22:27 - ALWAYS CONSIDERED IT TO BE KIND

22:29 - OF A. AN ALLIANCE OF

22:31 - CONVENIENCE RATHER THAN

22:32 - FRIENDSHIP. I SAY KIND OF

22:34 - PARALLEL WAR. THE FRENCH ARE

22:36 - TELLING THE INDIANS WE'RE GOING

22:38 - TO KEEP THE BRITISH IN THERE.

22:39 - COLLINS OUT OF HERE. THAT'S

22:41 - VERY MUCH WHAT THE INDIANS

22:42 - WANT. THEY DON'T WANT SETTLERS

22:44 - COMING OVER POTENTIALLY PUSHING

22:45 - THEM OUT OF THESE LANDS AS HAD

22:46 - HAPPENED IN THE EAST. BUT THEY

22:49 - DON'T. THE FRENCH ARE EITHER.

22:51 - AND THERE'S NOT A WHOLE LOT

22:52 - OF SOURCES, YOU KNOW, THAT A

22:54 - SURVIVOR, THEY'RE READILY

22:55 - AVAILABLE, BUT THERE ARE A

22:56 - COUPLE OF ACCOUNTS AGAIN THAT

22:58 - COME FROM INDIAN TRADERS.

23:00 - YOU KNOW, JUST KIND OF STRUCK

23:01 - ME AS I GUESS IT'S HUMAN NATURE

23:02 - IS IN THE MIDST OF A WAR

23:04 - BETWEEN PENNSYLVANIA AND THE

23:06 - INDIANS OUT HERE. YOU CONTINUE

23:07 - TO HAVE THESE TRADERS FROM

23:08 - PENNSYLVANIA COMING OVER THE

23:09 - MOUNTAINS TO TRADE WITH THE

23:10 - INDIANS TO MAKE GUESSES.

23:11 - YOU KNOW, 18TH CENTURY FORM OF

23:13 - WAR PROFITEERING. WELL,

23:14 - WHATEVER SOME OF THESE GUYS

23:15 - HAVE, THEIR JOURNALS HAVE

23:16 - SURVIVED. THERE'S AT LEAST ONE

23:18 - ACCOUNT WHICH IN IN TRADE OR,

23:21 - YOU KNOW, CHRONICLES THIS

23:22 - DISCUSSION WITH THE WITH THE

23:23 - DELAWARE LEADER WHICH HE SAYS

23:26 - SOMETHING EFFECTIVE. WE HAVE

23:27 - THE FRENCH KIND OF PENNED UP

23:29 - RIGHT WHERE WE WANT THEM TO

23:30 - LIKE UM'S THEM TO SHEEP IN A

23:31 - PEN. AND HE SAYS ONCE WE'RE

23:33 - DONE DEALING WITH THE BRITISH

23:35 - AND THEY'RE CALLING US ONCE

23:35 - WE DEFEATED THEM, WE CAN CUT

23:37 - THE FRENCH OFF WHENEVER WE

23:38 - WANT. SO IF WE TAKE THAT TO BE

23:40 - A CREDIBLE SOURCE, IT SEEMS

23:43 - THAT THE DELAWARE'S WERE TIED

23:44 - TO THE FRENCH FOR AS LONG AS IT

23:45 - WAS NECESSARY TO KIND OF DRIVE

23:47 - THE BRITISH OFF AND THEN MAYBE

23:48 - THEIR ENDGAME SEEM TO BE ONCE

23:49 - WE'RE DONE WITH THE BRITISH.

23:50 - YOU'RE NEXT. AND YOU KIND OF

23:52 - YOU LOOK FORWARD BEYOND

23:54 - ARMSTRONG'S RIGHT TO THE END

23:55 - OF THE WAR. THAT'S KIND OF WHAT

23:56 - HAPPENS. YOU KNOW, IT'S NOT

23:57 - DONE MILITARILY IS THROUGH

23:58 - DIPLOMACY. THE DOUBLE WAS

24:00 - REALLY DO KIND OF ABANDONED

24:01 - THEIR FRANCHISE. ONCE THEY MADE

24:02 - A PIECE WITH THE BRITISH THAT,

24:04 - YOU KNOW, THE TREATY OF EASTON

24:05 - OF 17 58 THAT THEY'RE SATISFIED

24:07 - WITH. THEY IMMEDIATELY TURN

24:08 - THEIR BACKS ON THE FRENCH AS A

24:10 - WHOLE VILLAGE ON WOULD BE THE

24:12 - NORTH SHORE. PITTSBURGH ACROSS

24:13 - CAIN OVERNIGHT DAILY.

24:15 - AS THE STATE. SO YOU DON'T

24:17 - ATTACK THE FRENCH DIRECTLY, BUT

24:18 - THEY CERTAINLY, YOU KNOW, STAND

24:20 - OUT OF THE WAY. LET THE FRENCH

24:21 - GET PUSHED OUT. SHORTLY AFTER

24:23 - BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT.

24:25 - >>WE SEE RATES BEGIN INTO THE

24:27 - EAST BY THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE

24:28 - HERE. HOW DOES WAR CHANGE

24:30 - CONTENDING AND WHAT ARE THE

24:31 - WARRIORS ROLES TENANT? AGAIN,

24:35 - IT'S IT'S DIFFICULT TO GET UP.

24:37 - YOU KNOW, THAT.

24:38 - >>A STRONG CERTAIN JONES

24:39 - ACTUALLY WHAT CONTENT IT WAS

24:40 - LIKE BEFORE 17. 55, WE HAVE A

24:43 - BETTER UNDERSTAND WHAT IT'S

24:44 - LIKE AFTER 17. 55 BE BECAUSE

24:46 - IT BECOMES ARGUABLY KIND OF

24:48 - THE MAIN STAGING GROUND FOR

24:51 - INDIAN MILITARY EFFORTS SHANE

24:53 - GUS, WHO WAS REALLY NOT LIKE I

24:55 - SAID, NOT BASED AT 10. HE MOVES

24:57 - HERE ESTABLISHES A CAMP ON THE

24:59 - WEST BANK OF THE RIVER. BOTH OF

25:01 - HIS BROTHERS PRISK ADAMANT A

25:02 - MOCK WILL COME HERE CAPTAIN

25:05 - JACOBS BECOMES A FORMIDABLE WAR

25:07 - LEADERS ACTUALLY KIND OF A NEW

25:08 - ARRIVAL ARRIVES, JUST KIND OF

25:09 - AT THE START OF THE WAR FROM

25:11 - THE EAST. IT BECOMES MORE OF A

25:13 - MILITARY YOU KNOW THAT I'M IN A

25:16 - VILLAGE IS STILL A VILLAGE

25:17 - STRUCTURE HERE. BUT I WOULD

25:19 - ARGUE MORE. IT'S THE PURPOSE

25:20 - CHANGES BECOMES MORE OF A

25:21 - STAGING GROUND AND A BASE.

25:23 - WE KNOW THAT THE FRENCH WOULD

25:24 - OCCASIONALLY COME UP THE RIVER

25:26 - OR DOWN THE RIVER FROM EITHER

25:28 - THEIR POSITIONS, THEREFORE, TO

25:29 - CATER FOR THE SHOW TO DELIVER

25:31 - GUN POWDER SUPPLIES

25:32 - OCCASIONALLY EVEN TO BRING IN

25:33 - SOME TROOPS WILL PARTICIPATE

25:35 - WITH DELAWARE'S ON LARGER KIND

25:37 - OF GRANDER ATTACKS. BUT MOST OF

25:39 - THE RAIDS THAT CAME OUT OF HERE

25:40 - WHERE SMALL-SCALE RAIDS

25:42 - CONDUCTED BY THE INDIANS ON

25:43 - THEIR OWN, THE FRENCH WERE

25:45 - CONTENT KIND OF TO STAY IN THE

25:47 - BACKGROUND. LET THE INDIAN

25:48 - SPREAD CHAOS ALONG THE

25:50 - FRONTIER. NOT I'M NOT GETTING

25:51 - THEIR WAY, BUT WE KNOW THE

25:52 - FRENCH ARE ALWAYS THERE IN THE

25:54 - BACKGROUND AND SOME OLDER.

25:58 - ACCOUNTS OF THE WAR HAVE

25:59 - DEPICTED THE FRENCH IS KIND OF

26:00 - BEING THE MASTERMINDS BEFORE

26:02 - IT ALL. BUT MOST NEWER YES,

26:05 - CERTAINLY THE LAST 20 OR 15

26:07 - YEARS, I KIND OF TURNED THAT ON

26:09 - ITS EAR. AND IT CERTAINLY SEEMS

26:11 - THAT THE INDIANS FOR THEIR OWN

26:12 - ARCHITECTS OF THEIR OWN

26:13 - STRATEGY AND THAT THE FRENCH

26:14 - WERE KIND OF CONTENT TO LET

26:15 - THAT PLAY OUT BECAUSE IT WAS

26:17 - DO EXACTLY WHAT THE FRENCH, YOU

26:18 - KNOW, ONE FACT IN THE MIDST OF

26:20 - THE WAR, I'M THE ONE OF THE

26:22 - FRENCH ONE OF A SHOW OR FIRMS,

26:25 - ONE OF THE POLITICAL LEADERS

26:28 - BACK UP AND CANADA REPLIED IT.

26:30 - THEY SAY THERE'S NOTHING MORE

26:31 - EFFECTIVE IN THIS WAR THAN LET

26:33 - THE INDIANS RUN AMOK ON THE

26:34 - FRONTIERS AND SPREAD CHAOS.

26:36 - WHAT DOES THAT LOOK LIKE?

26:37 - WHAT IS AN INDIAN RAID LOOK

26:38 - LIKE FOR A PERSON WHO LIVES ON

26:39 - THE FRONT HERE?

26:40 - >>WELL, IT'S A IT'S IT'S IT'S

26:42 - SCARY. WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO

26:44 - PUT? BECAUSE IT COMES ALMOST

26:45 - ALWAYS WITHOUT WARNING.

26:47 - THEY BE REALLY 2 KINDS OF RAIDS

26:49 - THAT DELAWARE'S AT LEAST

26:50 - WOULDN'T WOULD LAUNCH OUT OF

26:51 - 10. AND SOMETIMES THEY WOULD

26:53 - ACTUALLY GET IN CANOES OR BOATS

26:55 - AND GO DOWN THE RIVER TO FORT

26:56 - DUQUESNE LAUNCH ATTACK FROM

26:57 - THERE. A LOT OF IT CAME RIGHT

26:59 - OUT OF HERE. THEY WOULD COME

27:00 - OVER THE MOUNTAINS AND THEY

27:01 - WOULD LOOK FOR A BASIC TARGETS

27:03 - OF OPPORTUNITY. THEY MIGHT

27:05 - LEAVE WITH THIS. MANY OF THEM

27:06 - IS 100 MEN. BUT WHEN THEY WOULD

27:08 - GET OVER THE MOUNTAINS AND

27:10 - OFTEN BREAK UP INTO SMALLER

27:11 - GROUPS MAY, FOR EXAMPLE, 5

27:13 - GROUPS OF 20, THEY WOULD BE OUT

27:15 - IN THE FIELD OCCASIONALLY FOR

27:16 - WEEKS THEY WOULD ESTABLISH

27:18 - CAMPS, YOU KNOW, UP IN THE

27:19 - HILLS WHERE THEY THOUGHT THEY

27:20 - WERE SECURE AND THEN THEY WOULD

27:22 - COME DOWN OUT OF THE HILLS,

27:23 - LOOKING FOR. THEY SAY ISOLATED

27:25 - TARGET.

27:26 - THEN THE NATIVE MOTIVE WARFARE

27:28 - WAS NOT REALLY ABOUT CONQUEST.

27:29 - THEY WEREN'T INTERESTED IN

27:30 - PITCHED BATTLES. THEY WEREN'T

27:31 - INTERESTED IN WHAT YOU MIGHT

27:32 - CALL A FAIR FIGHT THEY WERE

27:34 - LOOKING FOR AREAS WHERE THEY

27:36 - CAN ATTACK QUICKLY SWIFTLY WHEN

27:39 - EASILY DO AS MUCH DAMAGE AS

27:40 - POSSIBLE AND STEAL AS MUCH

27:42 - PLUNDER AS MUCH AS THEY COULD

27:43 - AND THEN IMMEDIATELY WITHDRAW.

27:45 - THEY OFTEN WITHDREW THE FIRST

27:46 - SIGN OF RESISTANCE IT'S JUST

27:49 - IT'S MORE OF A GUERRILLA-STYLE

27:50 - FIGHT. YOU KNOW, THEN WHAT

27:51 - EUROPEANS ARE USED TO AFTER

27:53 - CALLING THIS LIVING ON, YOU

27:54 - KNOW, THE OTHER SIDE OF THE

27:55 - MOUNTAINS, ESPECIALLY FOR WORD

27:57 - OUT AND WHAT PUT UP WHAT THEY

27:58 - CALL THE FRONTIER. IT'S A VERY

28:00 - SCARY SITUATION. YOU DON'T KNOW

28:02 - WHEN IT WENT IN, SACKS GOING

28:03 - TO COME. YOU DON'T REALLY KNOW

28:05 - HOW TO STOP IT. YOU'RE NOT

28:07 - REALLY SURE HOW TO DEFEND IT.

28:09 - IT OFTEN COMES VERY, VERY

28:10 - QUICKLY. THE HOLE IN THE

28:12 - ATTACKING OUR ISOLATE

28:13 - FARMSTEAD. THE WHOLE THING

28:14 - COULD BE OVER A MATTER OF

28:15 - MINUTES.

28:17 - THE INDIANS WE KNOW FROM SOME

28:18 - OF THE ACCOUNTS THAT SURVIVED

28:21 - THE RAID SEEM TO CONDUCT

28:22 - INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS.

28:23 - THERE'S MANY ACCOUNTS OF AN

28:25 - INDIAN RATE OCCURRING JUST

28:27 - AFTER, YOU KNOW, IF YOU MAY A

28:29 - GROUP OF 3 OR 4 LITTLE

28:30 - FARMSTEADS TOGETHER, INDIANS

28:33 - ATTACKING THE HOUSES JUST AFTER

28:35 - THE MAJORITY OF THE MEN HAVE

28:36 - LEFT FOR THE MORNING TO GO WORK

28:37 - IN THE FIELDS AND IT HAPPENS

28:39 - ENOUGH THAT IT DOESN'T SEEM

28:41 - INCIDENT. SEEMS LIKE THEIR

28:42 - LIVES WATCHING THEIR TARGETS

28:43 - WAITING FOR THE RIGHT TIME.

28:45 - AND THEN STRIKING WHEN THERE'S

28:46 - GOING TO BE THE LEAST AMOUNT

28:47 - OF RESISTANCE TO THAT.

28:49 - AND THEY'RE NOT ONLY WAS IT THE

28:50 - FEAR OF BEING KILLED THAT MAY

28:51 - BE EVEN MORE SCARY FOR SOMEONE

28:53 - TO FEAR BEING TAKEN CAPTIVES.

28:55 - UNIONS OFTEN TOOK WOMEN AND

28:57 - CHILDREN PRISONER. I WOULD TAKE

28:59 - THEM BACK OVER THE MOUNTAINS TO

29:00 - PLACES HERE LIKE A TANNING

29:02 - FACT. THAT'S ONE OF THE MAIN

29:04 - REASONS. ONE OF THE WAYS THAT

29:04 - ARMSTRONG'S ABLE TO SELL THE

29:07 - ON FUNDING THIS RAID IS TO

29:08 - REDEEM IT WAS ESTIMATED TO BE

29:10 - AT LEAST 100 WHITE PRISONERS

29:12 - OF WAR CAPTIVES WERE BEING HELD

29:14 - HERE BY THE INDIANS.

29:16 - AND THEN THEY WOULD OFTEN BURN

29:17 - AND DESTROY EVERYTHING THEY

29:18 - LEFT BEHIND. THEY WOULD TAKE

29:20 - WHATEVER THEY COULD CARRY OF

29:21 - THE GAME. DEVALUE WEATHER WAS

29:22 - LIVESTOCK, FOOD, WEAPONS,

29:24 - AMMUNITION, TOOLS, CLOTHING,

29:26 - ANYTHING THAT THEY COULD CARRY

29:27 - WITHIN REASON TRYING TO MOVE AS

29:29 - QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. BUT THE

29:30 - REST THEY WOULD TRY TO DEPRIVE

29:32 - OF THE USUALLY WOULD SET THE

29:34 - PLACE ON FIRE TORCH. IT

29:35 - SLAUGHTER THE LIVESTOCK ALSO

29:38 - WAGED KIND OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR

29:40 - OF TERROR. THERE'S A LOT OF

29:42 - COUNTS OF DEAD, MOSTLY MEN, BUT

29:44 - NOT ALWAYS. BUT BUT DEAD COLUMN

29:46 - IS BEING LEFT BEHIND OFTEN KIND

29:48 - OF PROPPED AND DISPLAYED IN

29:49 - VISUALLY GRUESOME MANNERS.

29:50 - KIND OF AS A WARNING OF THIS IS

29:53 - WHAT MAY HAPPEN TO YOU IT IT

29:55 - SPREADS FEAR. WE KNOW THAT THE

29:56 - FRONTIER POPULATION BECOMES

29:58 - TERRORIZED. YOU KNOW, BY THESE

30:00 - ATTACKS OF THE POINT THAT

30:01 - THOUSANDS OF THEM EVENTUALLY

30:02 - JUST LEAVE AND START MIGRATING

30:04 - AS FAR IN SOME CASES, FAR AS

30:05 - 100 MILES BACK TOWARDS THE

30:06 - EAST, LEAVING ENTIRE SWATHS

30:09 - YOU KNOW, THE FRONTIER

30:10 - UNPOPULAR THAT.

30:13 - PENNSYLVANIA WHERE WE LEFT.

30:14 - IT IS BASICALLY GRIDLOCK

30:15 - POLITICALLY. HOW DID THEY

30:17 - CONFRONT THE REALITY OF WHAT'S

30:18 - HAPPENING HERE? WELL, IT'S THAT

30:20 - GRIDLOCK. THAT'S THE PROBLEM.

30:21 - AT LEAST INITIALLY EVEN QUAKER.

30:24 - SO SOME OF THEM ARE RELUCTANT.

30:26 - EVEN QUAKERS REALIZE THAT

30:27 - SOMETHING HAS TO BE DONE IN AN

30:29 - ARMED FORCE MUST BE RAISED AT

30:31 - THE FRONTIER COMMUNITIES MUST

30:32 - BE DEFENDED. BUT WHAT GRINDS

30:34 - EVERYTHING TO A HALT IN 17.

30:36 - 55, WHEN THE COUNTY'S ASHLEY

30:37 - DOES NOTHING.

30:40 - BECAUSE THE WHOLE QUESTION THEN

30:41 - BECOMES OK, WE'RE GOING TO

30:43 - WE'RE GOING TO RAISE THE

30:43 - MILITIA FOR THE FIRST TIME.

30:45 - WE'RE A PROVINCIAL REGIMENT AS

30:46 - THEY CALL THEM. OKAY. I WANT TO

30:49 - PAY FOR IT. THOSE TROOPS ARE

30:50 - GOING TO HAVE TO BE TRAINED.

30:51 - THEY'RE GOING TO HAVE TO BE

30:52 - EQUIPPED TO GO INTO THE HOUSE

30:53 - THAT THE PAINT. AND THAT'S

30:55 - WHERE THE ARGUING STARTS.

30:56 - THAT'S WHERE THE POLITICS

30:57 - COMING AND OF COURSE, THE

30:59 - DIVIDE THEN BECOMES THIS ANTI

31:01 - PROPRIETARY FACTION VERSUS THE

31:03 - PENN FAMILY VERSUS THE

31:04 - PROPRIETORSHIPS. BUT THE BUT

31:05 - THE ANTI PROPRIETARY FACTION

31:07 - WANTS THE PENN FAMILY PAY THEIR

31:08 - SHARE. THE PENN FAMILY WHO'S

31:10 - NEVER BEEN TAXED, ALWAYS BEEN

31:12 - TAX EXEMPT ON THEIR LAND

31:13 - HOLDINGS, WHICH ARE

31:14 - CONSIDERABLE. THEY OWN AT LEAST

31:15 - 10% OF THE SETTLED LAND OF

31:17 - REALLY A LOT MORE THAN THAT.

31:19 - THEY REFUSE TO ALLOW THEIR

31:20 - LANDS TO BE TAX TO FINANCE THE

31:21 - WAR. NOW, EVENTUALLY, AFTER

31:24 - ABOUT A YEAR OF WRANGLING AND

31:25 - AND POLITICAL BATTLES AND 17.

31:27 - 56, THE GOVERNOR OF

31:28 - PENNSYLVANIA, WILLIAM DANNY,

31:30 - WHO IS TECHNICALLY AN EMPLOYEE

31:32 - OF THE PENN FAMILY KIND OF GOES

31:34 - AGAINST HIS EMPLOYERS AND HE

31:35 - AGREES TO A DEAL WITH THE

31:37 - ASSEMBLY THAT WILL ALLOW THE

31:38 - PENN FAMILY LANDS TO BE TAXED

31:40 - TO HELP TO FURNISH AND FINANCE

31:42 - THESE TROOPS. BUT THAT'S ONLY

31:43 - THE START OF THAT. IT TAKES

31:45 - ANOTHER SEVERAL MONTHS WELL

31:47 - INTO THE SUMMER OF 17, 50 60.

31:48 - YOU ACTUALLY HAVE WHAT YOU

31:50 - CONSIDER TO BE SOME KIND

31:52 - REGIMENT. AND THEN THE PROBLEM

31:54 - IS THAT THESE TROOPS JUST WE

31:56 - ARE VERY GOOD AND THEY'RE NOT

31:58 - PROFESSIONAL TROOPS THERE.

31:59 - THEY'RE REALLY VERY GREEN

32:01 - NOVICES THE TRAINING THEY GET

32:04 - IS KIND OF POOR. THEY'RE UNDER

32:05 - EQUIPPED PROMISE THAT HAS NEVER

32:06 - DONE THIS BEFORE. THEY DON'T

32:07 - REALLY KNOW HOW TO DO IT.

32:09 - AND SO WHAT THEY DO TO TO RAISE

32:10 - TROOPS AS THEY PUT OUT AND

32:12 - ABOUT WHAT THEY GET BASICALLY

32:14 - IS POOR PEOPLE, JOBLESS PEOPLE,

32:17 - LANDLESS PEOPLE, PEOPLE WHO

32:18 - JOINED THE PENNSYLVANIA RED

32:20 - REGIMENT, BOTH THE FIRST

32:20 - REGIMENT, THE SECOND REGIMENT

32:22 - BECAUSE THAT PAYCHECK AS LOW AS

32:24 - IT IS, REPRESENTS SOMETHING

32:25 - BETTER THAN WHAT THEY HAD IN

32:27 - CIVILIAN LIFE. BUT THESE AREN'T

32:30 - NECESSARY. PEOPLE ARE SIGNING

32:31 - UP FROM A SENSE OF REALLY

32:32 - WANTING TO DEFEND THE COLONY

32:33 - OR FROM PATRIOTISM OR SOME

32:36 - MILITARIST ZEAL FOR SETTING

32:37 - UP FOR THE PAYCHECK AND WHAT

32:39 - THEY FIND IS THESE TROOPS ARE

32:40 - UNRULY. THEY'RE DIFFICULT TO

32:42 - TRAIN DISCIPLINE IS HARD TO

32:43 - ENFORCE. AND SO FOR AT LEAST

32:45 - UNTIL ARMSTRONG'S RE, THE

32:46 - COLONY SETTLES IN 17. 56 ON

32:48 - BASE A KIND OF A DEFENSIVE

32:50 - POSTURE. THEY PUT THEIR FAITH

32:52 - IN THIS IDEA THAT WE CAN BUILD

32:53 - A STRING OF FORTS ON THE OTHER

32:55 - SIDE, THE MOUNTAINS AND MAKE

32:56 - OUR OWN KIND OF LINE. THE

32:57 - FORTIFICATION AND THAT WILL

32:59 - EMPLOY THESE RANGING BANDS OF

33:01 - TROOPS THAT STAYED ABOVE

33:02 - RANGERS FOR LACK OF BETTER TERM

33:04 - WHO PATROL THE SPACES BETWEEN

33:06 - THESE FORTS AND THEY WILL

33:07 - INTERCEPT INCOMING INDIAN WAR

33:09 - PARTIES. AND THAT'S HOW WE'LL

33:10 - PROTECT THE COMMUNITIES BY THIS

33:12 - KIND OF SCREEN. IT WAS IT'S

33:14 - A DEFENSIVE STRATEGY THAT FAILS

33:17 - PRETTY MISERABLY, QUITE

33:18 - FRANKLY. THAT'S ONE OF THE

33:19 - FAILURE OF THAT POLICY IS ONE

33:21 - OF THE THINGS THAT SAYS

33:22 - ARMSTRONG TO SELL THE POLITICAL

33:24 - LEADERSHIP ON THIS IDEA THAT

33:25 - WE HAVE TO ATTACK. WE HAVE TO

33:27 - ADOPT AT LEAST SOME TYPE OF OF

33:28 - AN OFFENSIVE FOOTING. WE'RE

33:30 - NEVER GOING TO GET ANYWHERE

33:31 - IN THIS WAR. WHO IS JOHN

33:33 - ARMSTRONG AND HOW THEY SETTLE

33:34 - INTO PANIC.

33:36 - >>JOHN WAS A A, THEY SAY THE

33:39 - COMMANDER OF THE SECOND

33:40 - PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT SECOND

33:41 - PICK SECOND, PENNSYLVANIA

33:42 - PROVENGE.

33:43 - >>PROVINCIAL REGIMENT ONE.

33:44 - IT'S CALLED UP.

33:46 - AND HE HAD BEEN INVOLVED

33:48 - LARGELY WITH DEFENSIVE

33:50 - OPERATIONS AS WAS HIS BROTHER

33:53 - AND IT'S IT'S KIND OF TIED INTO

33:55 - A LITTLE BIT OF A FAMILY TO A

33:56 - LITTLE BIT OF A POLITICAL

33:56 - THING, HOW THEY SETTLE ON

33:57 - ATTACKING CONTENT. ARMSTRONG'S

34:00 - BROTHER WAS INCOME ANIMALS

34:02 - CALLED FORT GRANVILLE FOR

34:04 - GRANVILLE IN THIS MAY 17.

34:06 - 56 WAS ATTACKED BY A GROUP OF

34:09 - DELAWARE INDIANS AND THE

34:10 - COMMAND OF A WAR LEADER BASED

34:11 - OUT OF 10. AND THEN CAPTAIN

34:13 - JACOBS IT'S ANOTHER ONE OF

34:15 - THOSE EXAMPLES OF HOW THE

34:16 - INDIANS AND AN AIR

34:17 - RECONNAISSANCE SCOUTED THEIR

34:18 - TARGET BECAUSE THE COMMANDER

34:21 - THAT WELL, I GUESS ARMSTRONG

34:22 - SAID HIS BROTHER ARE STRONG

34:24 - SECOND IN COMMAND. THE HEAD

34:25 - COMMANDER HAD TAKEN THE

34:27 - MAJORITY OF THE TROOPS AT FOR

34:29 - GRANDAL DECIDED TO MARCH A FEW

34:31 - MILES AWAY TO A FARMING

34:32 - COMMUNITY TO DEFEND A LARGE

34:35 - GROUP OF OF SETTLERS WHO WAS

34:37 - TAKING IN CROPS.

34:39 - AND IT'S AT THAT TIME AFTER

34:41 - THAT, THE MAIN BODY OF TROOPS

34:42 - HAD GONE TO THE INDIANS ATTACK

34:44 - THE FORT. NOW INITIALLY THERE

34:46 - FOR TAX DON'T REALLY GET A

34:47 - WHOLE LOT. ARMSTRONG HAS ABOUT

34:49 - 2 DOZEN MAN INSIDE THE FORT

34:50 - EDWARD ARMSTRONG AS HIS

34:51 - BROTHER. AND THEY'RE HOLDING

34:53 - THEM OFF PRETTY WELL, BUT

34:54 - THEY'D INDIANS DISCOVERED THIS

34:56 - LITTLE KIND OF RAVINE MADE BY

34:59 - LITTLE RUN UP ALONG THE ONE

35:00 - SIDE, THE FORT THAT ALLOWS THEM

35:01 - TO APPROACH VERY CLOSE TO THE

35:03 - OUTER WALL. THE FORT AND WHILE

35:05 - OCCUPYING THE DEFENDERS WITH

35:07 - GUNFIRE, THEY'RE ABLE TO

35:08 - BASICALLY BUILD A BONFIRE FOR

35:10 - LACK OF BETTER EXPLANATIONS

35:11 - RIGHT OUTSIDE THE ONE WALL.

35:12 - THE FORT AND THEY BURN A HOLE

35:14 - IN THE SIDE OF THE 4 INDIANS

35:16 - POUR IN THE DEFENDERS

35:18 - SURRENDER. EDWARD ARMSTRONG

35:19 - HIMSELF US IS SHOT AND THE

35:21 - DEFENSE OF THE FORT MORTALLY

35:23 - WOUNDED AND THE INDIANS AND

35:25 - EVENTUALLY WILL TAKE, YOU KNOW,

35:26 - 20 SOME PRISONERS DAY MARCH OF

35:28 - THE FORT BURNT TO THE GROUND.

35:29 - ARMSTRONG DRAWN STRONG DIES IN

35:32 - THE PROCESS.

35:33 - SO IT'S NOT LONG AFTER THAT

35:34 - JOHN ARMSTRONG. COMES TO THE

35:37 - PENNSYLVANIA AUTHORITIES WITH

35:38 - THIS PLAN.

35:40 - AND HE SAYS, LOOK, THESE FORTS

35:41 - DON'T WORK IS IS THAT, YOU

35:42 - KNOW, IS THAT IS THE GIST OF

35:43 - ISIS AREN'T AFFECTED. WE CAN'T

35:45 - STOP. THESE INDIAN WERE

35:46 - PARTIES. THEY THEY'RE JUST GO

35:48 - AROUND THE SPORTS FOR NOW.

35:49 - THEY'VE BECOME SO BOULDER

35:50 - ACTUALLY TAKING FORTS ON THEIR

35:52 - OWN WITHOUT ARTILLERY. THEY'RE

35:54 - TAKING THESE THINGS RELATIVELY

35:55 - SMALL, WOODEN FORTS. SO WE HAVE

35:57 - TO CHANGE OUR FOOT. SOME

35:59 - HISTORIANS HAVE SAID THAT

36:00 - REVENGE MIGHT HAVE BEEN A

36:01 - MOTIVE BECAUSE HIS BROTHER WAS

36:03 - KILLED. THEY WERE PRETTY

36:04 - CONFIDENT THAT THE INDIANS WHO

36:06 - MADE THE ATTACK, THEY KNEW THE

36:07 - NAME. CAPTAIN JACOBS

36:09 - >>ACTUALLY, CAPTAIN JASON

36:11 - ACTUALLY BEEN SETTLED RIGHT IN

36:12 - THE AREA AROUND LEWISTOWN

36:14 - PENNSYLVANIA WHERE FOR GRANDAL

36:15 - WAS ABOUT A YEAR AND A HALF

36:17 - BEFORE THE FORT WAS BUILT.

36:18 - HE BEEN PUSHED OUT.

36:19 - >>SO HIS ATTACK ON 4 GRANVILLE

36:21 - MAY NOT EVEN A QUESTION THAT

36:22 - MAY HAVE BEEN REVENGE IN ITS

36:23 - OWN RIGHT. BUT ARMSTRONG, NEW

36:26 - THAT THE ATTACK WAS FOR COFFEE

36:27 - ATTACK OF AN BASED OUT OF

36:28 - TANNING. HE BELIEVED THAT THE

36:30 - INDIANS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR

36:31 - HIS BROTHER'S DEATH. WERE

36:32 - THERE? BUT TO WHAT LEVEL

36:34 - EXACTLY PERSONAL MOTIVATIONS,

36:35 - FAMILY REVENGE PLAYS INTO ITS

36:37 - UNCLEAR. WHAT REALLY MAKES

36:39 - CONTENDING THE TARGET IS AN

36:41 - ESCAPED PRISONER OF WAR.

36:44 - GUY NAMED JOHN BAKER WHO HAD

36:46 - BEEN A MEMBER OF THE PROVINCIAL

36:49 - REGIMENT HAD BEEN TAKEN CAPTIVE

36:51 - BY AN INDIAN RAID AND THEN HELD

36:52 - THROUGH THE WINNER AT 10, WE

36:55 - MANAGED TO ESCAPE FINDS HIS

36:56 - WAY SOMEHOW BACK OVER THE

36:58 - MOUNTAINS COMES BACK INTO

36:59 - CARLISLE. I THINK IT IS AND

37:04 - >>BASICALLY DEBRIEF DEAL.

37:06 - HE GIVES AN ACCOUNT OF HIS

37:07 - CAPTIVITY. HE DRAWS A MAP WHICH

37:09 - BECOMES THE BASIS OF

37:10 - ARMSTRONG'S CAMPAIGN BECOMES

37:11 - THE BASIS OF A LOT OF WHAT WE

37:12 - KNOW, THE LAYOUT OF CONTENT.

37:14 - WE DRAWS THIS MAP LAYING OUT

37:16 - WHAT'S HERE. HE GIVES A, YOU

37:19 - GIVES AN ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER

37:21 - OF INDIAN WARRIORS HERE AT ANY

37:22 - ONE TIME, WHICH WE ESTIMATE TO

37:24 - BETWEEN 1800 HE ALSO TELLS

37:27 - ARMSTRONG THAT THERE'S PROBABLY

37:29 - AT LEAST 100 WHITE CAPTIVES

37:31 - BEING HELD HERE MOSTLY ON THE

37:33 - WEST SIDE OF THE RIVER.

37:34 - ARMSTRONG TAKES ALL THIS

37:35 - INFORMATION. TO THE PROVINCIAL

37:38 - AUTHORITIES, ESPECIALLY TO THE

37:40 - GOVERNOR AND THE PROVINCIAL

37:41 - SECRETARY BASE OF THE

37:42 - PROPRIETARY FACTIONS AS LOOK,

37:44 - WE HAVE THIS INTELLIGENCE.

37:45 - WE KNOW THEIR STRENGTH. WE KNOW

37:47 - THEIR LOCATION. WE KNOW THE

37:48 - BASIC LAYOUT OF THEIR CAMP FOR

37:49 - THEIR VILLAGE. WE SHOULD

37:51 - ATTACK.

37:52 - AND HE REALLY SELLS THE GO.

37:54 - THE PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNMENT

37:55 - HARD ON THE IDEA THAT WE HAVE

37:57 - TO MAKE THIS ATTACKS TO

37:58 - LIBERATE THOSE 100 OR SO WHITE

38:00 - PRISONERS THAT ARE HERE IS OUR

38:01 - DUTY. IS YOUR DUTY AS THE

38:03 - GOVERNMENT TO FREE THEM?

38:05 - >>TO, YOU KNOW, TO REDEEM THEM

38:06 - AND BRING THEM BACK TO COLONIAL

38:08 - SAYS I'M GIVEN THE GREEN LIGHT

38:09 - WILL BASICALLY IS GOING GREEN

38:11 - LIGHT TO RAISE A FORCE OF

38:12 - VOLUNTEER FORCE FOR THIS

38:14 - EXPEDITION, WHICH HE HIMSELF

38:15 - WENT ON. SO THAT'S WHAT HE DOES

38:17 - EVENTUALLY GETS TOGETHER AROUND

38:18 - 300 MEN FROM THE SECOND

38:19 - PENNSYLVANIA PROVINCIAL

38:21 - REGIMENT. THEIR FORWARD BASE

38:22 - WILL BE A PLACE CALLED FORT

38:23 - SURELY WITH THEIR GATHER THEIR

38:24 - SUPPLIES READY. AND THEN, YOU

38:27 - KNOW, IN THE LATE IN THE AUTUMN

38:28 - OF 17, 56, HE'S READY TO BEGIN

38:30 - HIS CAMPAIGNS. SO TAKE US

38:32 - THROUGH THE EVENTS HERE.

38:34 - SEPTEMBER 17. 56 DEVELOPED THE

38:36 - PANIC. ARMSTRONG IS 300 MEN

38:39 - DEPART FOR SHIRLEY TAKE SOME

38:41 - 9 DAYS TO COME OVER THE

38:43 - MOUNTAINS AND ARRIVE HERE ABOUT

38:44 - 100 HE ESTIMATED ON BE ABOUT

38:46 - 150 MILES WAS PRETTY CLOSE.

38:48 - A MODERN ESTIMATIONS.

38:50 - >>HE'S ADVANCING A RAPIDLY BUT

38:53 - CAUTIOUSLY, YOU KNOW, KIND OF

38:54 - EXPECTING THAT PERHAPS RUN INTO

38:56 - SOME KIND OF RESISTANCE

38:56 - SOMEWHERE ALONG THE ROUTE.

38:59 - HE'S VERY SURPRISED THAT HE

39:00 - DOESN'T BACK TO DOESN'T REALLY

39:02 - ENCOUNTER IN THE INDIANS UNTIL

39:03 - HE'S ALMOST ROUGHLY 6 MILES

39:06 - FROM FROM CONTENDING ANYONE'S

39:09 - COMES INTO AN ENCAMPMENT WHICH

39:11 - HE ONLY BELIEVES TO BE A SMALL

39:12 - NUMBER OF INDIANS. HE LEAVES

39:13 - BEHIND BASICALLY JUST A SMALL

39:15 - COMPANY OF MEN 12 MEN UNDER

39:19 - TIME. I GOT HIM OUT. LIEUTENANT

39:21 - HALL, THEY BELIEVE IS HIS NAME

39:23 - AND THEY'RE JUST THEY'RE

39:23 - BASICALLY TO KEEP AN EYE ON

39:24 - THOSE TO MAKE SURE THEY DON'T

39:27 - GO ANYWHERE. IN THE FOLLOWING

39:28 - MORNING. THE OF THE OF THE PLAN

39:29 - WAS THAT THEY WOULD ATTACK

39:30 - THEM, NEUTRALIZE THEM.

39:32 - ARMSTRONG TAKES THE REST OF

39:33 - THE FORCE AND ADVANCES RIGHT

39:36 - DOWN TO THE RIVER LINE WHEN HE

39:38 - FINDS A CORN FIELD WHICH OFFERS

39:40 - EXCELLENT COVER AND SCREEN FOR

39:41 - HIM TO APPROACH THE VILLAGES

39:43 - AN ADVANCE GETTING INTO THE WEE

39:45 - HOURS OF THE NIGHT HERE, ALMOST

39:46 - GONE THROUGH THIS CORNFIELD IN

39:48 - THE ATTACK COMMENCES AT DAWN.

39:50 - AS OBJECTIVE WAS TO TAKE THE

39:51 - ONIONS BY SURPRISE. AND THAT'S

39:53 - ACCOMPLISHED PERFECTLY. THE

39:54 - INDIANS, PERHAPS WE'RE OVER

39:55 - CONFIDENT. MAYBE THEY YOU KNOW,

39:57 - THEY HAD MET MUCH IN THE WAY OF

39:58 - RESISTANCE TO THIS POINT.

39:59 - MAYBE THEY FELT THAT THEY WERE

40:01 - BEYOND THE ABILITY OF

40:02 - PENNSYLVANIA'S TO STRIKE THEM.

40:03 - SO HE DOESN'T REALLY RUN INTO

40:04 - WHAT WE THINK OF AS PICKETT'S

40:06 - OR ADVANCE GUARDS OR ANY KIND

40:07 - OF CENTURIES. AND HE'S ABLE

40:08 - TO LAUNCH AN ATTACK PRETTY MUCH

40:10 - GONE. I'M COMPLETELY BY

40:12 - SURPRISE. MOST OF HIS ATTACK

40:14 - CENTERS ON THE ENCAMPMENT.

40:15 - A CLUSTER LOG CABINS THAT WE'VE

40:18 - COME TO BASED ON HIS ACCOUNTS

40:20 - WAS A I'M HEADED UP BY CAPTAIN

40:23 - JACOBS, A DELAWARE WAR LEADER.

40:25 - ARMSTRONG INITIATES THE ATTACKS

40:27 - BY DIVIDING U.S. FORCES INTO 2.

40:29 - HE TAKES A BODY OF MAN MOVES

40:31 - THROUGH. THIS CORNFIELD IS

40:32 - GOING TO TACK CAPTAIN JACOBS

40:33 - CAMP. HE TAKES ANOTHER SQUAD

40:36 - OF MEN INTO SIDES TO SEND THEM

40:38 - KIND OF IN A FLANKING MANEUVER

40:40 - AROUND THE BASE OF THIS LINE

40:43 - OF HILLS OVER HERE TO KIND OF

40:46 - CUT ANY BUT SCAPE OFF TO THE

40:48 - NORTH.

40:51 - MOST OF WHAT HAPPENS, WHAT WE

40:52 - KNOW ABOUT COMES FROM ARMSTRONG

40:53 - HIMSELF. SO HE INITIATED THE

40:55 - ATTACK. THEY BEGIN BY COMING

40:58 - OUT OF CORN FIELD FIRING ON IT.

40:59 - THESE LOG CABINS MIXED IN WITH

41:01 - A, YOU KNOW, SOME OTHER MORE

41:02 - TRADITIONAL INDIAN LODGES.

41:05 - THE INDIANS ARE CAUGHT BY

41:06 - SURPRISE, BUT RESISTANCE PICKS

41:08 - UP PRETTY QUICKLY, ESPECIALLY

41:10 - WITH INDIANS FIRING BACK AT

41:12 - THE PENCIL TROOPS OUT OF THESE

41:13 - LOT KEPT.

41:15 - ARMSTRONG HIMSELF WILL BE

41:17 - WOUNDED, SHOT THROUGH THE LEFT

41:18 - SHOULDER AT SOME POINT IN

41:19 - CASEMENT

41:22 - AIN'T HE STAYS ON THE SCENE IN

41:23 - MAINE REMAINS IN COMMAND WHEN

41:25 - HE REALIZES THE ONLY WAY

41:26 - THEY'RE GOING TO REALLY ACHIEVE

41:29 - THEIR OBJECTIVES. THEY HAVE

41:30 - TO NEUTRALIZE THE INDIANS

41:31 - FIRING OUT OF THESE LOG CABINS.

41:33 - AND THERE WAS ONE IS REPORTED.

41:34 - ARMSTRONG WON AT LEAST ONE LOW

41:35 - CABINET, 2 STORY STRUCTURE

41:37 - BELIEVED TO BE KIND OF THE THE

41:39 - HOUSE OF CAPTAIN JACOBS, THE

41:41 - CAPTIVE JACOBS, ANOTHER INDIANA

41:42 - MAYOR, MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY

41:43 - WERE FIRING FROM THE UPPER

41:45 - WINDOWS OF THAT ALMOST LIKE A

41:46 - LITTLE MAKESHIFT BLOCK HOUSE

41:48 - AND ARMSTRONG IS IN HIS REPORTS

41:50 - AFTER THE BATTLE TALKS ABOUT

41:51 - HOW THEY WERE VERY GOOD AT,

41:52 - YOU KNOW WHAT THEY SHOT AT THAT

41:53 - USUALLY HIT. SO THEY'RE CAUSING

41:55 - A LOT OF TROUBLE FROM THAT.

41:56 - WE DECIDED THAT HAD TO BE

41:57 - NEUTRALIZED. SO HE BREAKS OFF A

41:59 - DETACHMENT OF MEN AND SENDS

42:01 - THEM, YOU KNOW, KIND OF ON

42:03 - ANOTHER LITTLE FLANKING

42:04 - MOVEMENT TO COME AROUND TO COME

42:05 - IN BEHIND THESE LOG CABINS, TRY

42:07 - TO SET THEM ON FIRE. THAT'S

42:08 - SUCCESSFUL. THEY BASICALLY WANT

42:10 - OF SETTING ALL OF THAT SEGMENT

42:11 - OF UP TO 10 IN ALL OF KIND OF

42:13 - JACOBS OF CANTON ON ON FIRE

42:15 - AND THAT REALLY TURNS THE

42:17 - BATTLE, AT LEAST AT THAT

42:18 - SEGMENT IN THE PENNSYLVANIA'S

42:19 - FAVOR WHEN THESE HOUSE THE

42:20 - START TO REALLY CATCH FIRE.

42:22 - MANY INDIANS COME POURING OUT,

42:24 - TRYING TO ESCAPE. THAT'S WHERE

42:25 - THE SHOT DOWN BECOME EASY

42:27 - TARGETS FOR THE PENNSYLVANIANS.

42:29 - THE FAMOUS STORY, WHETHER IT'S

42:30 - TRUE OR NOT, WHO CAN SAY THAT

42:32 - OF CAPTAIN JACOBS REFUSING,

42:34 - YOU KNOW, TO ABANDONED. AND

42:35 - HE'S OFFERED ARMSTRONG AS MEN

42:37 - SHOUT OUT TO HIM, SURRENDER.

42:39 - YOU KNOW, YOUR HOUSE IS ON

42:40 - FIRE, SURRENDER. HE SAYS

42:42 - SOMETHING TO THE EFFECT OF I

42:43 - CAN EAT FIRE. I WILL NEVER

42:44 - SURRENDER, BUT AT SOME POINT

42:46 - THE BLAZE BECOMES TOO MUCH EVEN

42:47 - FOR THE DELAWARE WAR LEADER

42:49 - HIMSELF IS REPORTED TO HAVE

42:51 - JUMPED OUT OF A SECOND-STORY

42:52 - WINDOW WITH MEMBERS OF HIS

42:53 - FAMILY WHERE HE WAS GUNNED DOWN

42:55 - AS WELL BY ARMSTRONG'S MATT.

42:58 - NOW THAT POINT, THE BATTLE HAS

43:00 - BEEN GETTING PRETTY SICK.

43:01 - THERE'S A LOT OF SMOKE

43:03 - ARMSTRONG DECIDED TO KIND OF

43:06 - RETREAT WHETHER HE MEANT A FULL

43:07 - RETREAT ARE KIND OF JUST

43:08 - WITHDRAWN, REDEPLOY AS A MATTER

43:10 - OF OPINION. BUT HE PULLS BACK

43:12 - OUT, COMES BACK AROUND TO KIND

43:15 - OF GET BACK UP ABOVE THE

43:17 - VILLAGE IS THE KIND OF US WE

43:18 - ASSESS THE SITUATION, MAYBE SEE

43:20 - WHERE YOU CAN ATTACK NEXT TO

43:21 - SEE WHAT THE DELAWARE

43:22 - RESISTANCE LOOKS LIKE. AND HE

43:23 - FINDS MUCH TO HIS DISMAY THAT

43:25 - THE FEE ORIGINAL FLANKING PARTY

43:26 - THAT HITS SET AROUND TO THE

43:29 - NORTH TO KIND OF CUT OFF ANY

43:30 - INDIAN RETREAT, MAYBE HOLD THE

43:32 - FORT IN LIGHT OF THE RIVER HAS

43:34 - NEVER REACH THEIR OBJECTIVES.

43:35 - THEY GOT UP ON A PIECE OF HIGH

43:37 - GROUND, BASICALLY STOPPED.

43:39 - SO NOT ONLY DID THEY CUT OFF

43:40 - FOR TREATING INDIANS MOVING TO

43:42 - THE NORTH, BUT THEY FAILED

43:43 - BASICALLY TO SECURE THE RIVER.

43:46 - THE LINE, THE RIVER FOR MANY

43:47 - INDIANS TO COME ACROSS FROM

43:48 - THE OTHER SIDE. WHAT ARMSTRONG

43:50 - SEES AT THAT POINT FROM HIS VAN

43:51 - OR THAT TIME FROM HIS VANTAGE

43:52 - POINT IS THERE ARE INDEED

43:54 - DELAWARE WARRIORS COMING ACROSS

43:56 - TO THE NORTH OF CONTENDING FROM

43:57 - THE OTHER SIDE, PRIMARILY

43:59 - BELIEVED TO BE SHUNNED. GUS AND

44:00 - HIS CAMP AND CAN IT FROM THE

44:02 - OTHER SIDE NOW MOVING ACROSS

44:04 - TO JOIN IN THE BATTLE. SO THAT

44:05 - POINT THAT ARMSTRONG BASIS

44:07 - SAYS, OK, THIS IS IT. WE'RE

44:09 - GOING TO PULL OUT. WE'RE GOING

44:10 - TO WITHDRAW. AND HE STARTS

44:12 - MOVING BACK WHERE HE HAD LEFT

44:14 - THAT ARE THAT SMALL DETACHMENT

44:16 - UNDER A LIEUTENANT HOG WHICH

44:18 - BECOMES NOW KNOWN AS BLANKET

44:19 - HILL BECAUSE OF THAT, A LOT OF

44:20 - THEIR SUPPLIES THERE. WELL, HE

44:21 - GETS INTO FURTHER PROBLEMS

44:23 - BECAUSE HOG HAS BEEN SHOT AND

44:25 - KILLED IN THE 5 MEN. I LOVE

44:27 - THOSE 12 MEN ARE DOWN AND THE

44:29 - REMAINING 7 COME KIND OF

44:30 - SLAMMING INTO ARMSTRONG'S MAN

44:32 - AND DELIVERING, YOU KNOW, VERY

44:33 - CHAOTIC REPORTS OF THERE'S A

44:34 - LOT MORE INDIANS UP HERE THAN

44:35 - WE THOUGHT THERE WERE. YOU

44:37 - KNOW, THERE'S TOO MANY FOR

44:38 - THEM. WE'RE NOT ABLE TO HOLD

44:39 - THEM. THE WHOLE THING KIND OF

44:40 - JUST BECOMES A GENERAL CHAOTIC

44:42 - WITHDRAWAL TO THE POINT THAT

44:43 - THEY LEAVE MOST OF THEIR

44:44 - SUPPLIES AND STUFF ALONG THIS

44:46 - LITTLE ENCAMPMENTS. I'M TO THE

44:48 - POINT THAT IT RETAINS EVEN A

44:50 - LITTLE HISTORICAL DISTINCTION

44:51 - AS BLANKET HILL BECAUSE IT LEFT

44:52 - BEHIND ON THEIR SUPPLIES IS

44:54 - THAT AS THEY'RE RETREATING,

44:56 - ARMSTRONG AND HIS MEN. ARRIVE

44:59 - BACK IN FACT, THEY SAY BACK IN

45:01 - FOR SHIRLEEN 4 DAYS AFTER THE

45:03 - BATTLE TAKES PLACE. BUT NOT ALL

45:06 - OF THEM ARE THERE. THERE'S A

45:07 - WHOLE DETACHMENT UNDER GUIDE

45:08 - AND HUMOR SERVE BASICALLY ARE

45:10 - LOST. THEY'LL POUR IN OVER THE

45:12 - NEXT 2 WEEKS IN VARIOUS PLACES.

45:14 - YOU'VE GOT MEMBERS OF

45:15 - ARMSTRONG'S ATTACHMENT TO COME

45:17 - IN. COME IN, COME BACK IN

45:18 - BASICALLY ANYWHERE FROM 4 TO

45:21 - WAY UP ON THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER

45:22 - ALL THE WAY DOWN TO CLOSER TO

45:23 - THE MARYLAND BORDER. SO IT'S

45:26 - KIND OF MORE OF A CHAOTIC, YOU

45:28 - KNOW, WITHDRAW ARMSTRONG WILL

45:30 - WILL THAT, OF COURSE, HAVE TO

45:31 - GIVE A REPORT. HE WRITES A

45:32 - REPORT WHICH HE HIMSELF SAYS,

45:35 - LOOK, WE DID. WE READ BETWEEN

45:36 - THE LINES BASES. WE DID WHAT

45:37 - WE COULD. WE WERE ABLE TO

45:39 - STRIKE A BLOW. WE SAID, YOU

45:41 - KNOW, WE KILLED CAPTAIN JACOBS.

45:43 - HE ESTIMATES THAT ONE NEIGHBOR

45:45 - OF 30 TO 40 DELAWARE'S WERE

45:46 - KILLED IN THE ATTACK. THAT'S A

45:48 - NUMBER THAT'S BEEN WIDELY

45:49 - DISPUTED SINCE THEN HE SAYS

45:52 - THAT THE INDIAN VILLAGE WAS

45:55 - IS BEST. WE CAN TELL THE

45:56 - PORTION WAS INDEED BURNED, BUT

45:57 - NOT THE WHOLE THING. AND HE

46:00 - SAYS, YOU KNOW, WE HE SAYS WE

46:03 - WE WE LIBERATED 11 CAPTIVES

46:05 - AS THERE ARE 100 HERE. THAT WAS

46:07 - PART OF HIS OBJECTIVE. BUT MOST

46:09 - OF THEM SOMEWHERE ON THE OTHER

46:10 - SIDE OF THE RIVER. YOU NEVER

46:12 - GET ACROSS THE RIVER AND

46:15 - WELL, THERE'S THERE'S TO

46:16 - OBSCURE ACCOUNTS BY FRENCHMAN

46:17 - WHO WERE ON THE OTHER SIDE AND

46:18 - SHOWING US HIS CAMP. WE TALK

46:22 - WHEN THE ATTACK COMES. THE

46:23 - REASON IT TAKES THE INDIANS ON

46:24 - THE WEST BANK SO LONG TO GET

46:26 - OVER HERE IS THE FIRST THING

46:27 - THEY DO IS TAKE THEIR WOMEN

46:29 - CHILDREN AND THE WHITE

46:30 - PRISONERS AND MOVE THEM FURTHER

46:31 - TO THE WEST. KIND OF MOVE THEM

46:33 - OUT OF THE RANGE OF POTENTIAL

46:35 - HARM OR WHERE THEY COULD BE

46:36 - ATTACKED OR RE RETAKEN BY THE

46:38 - PENCE MADE TRIPS. THEN THEY

46:39 - COME OVER HERE TO LEND AID TO

46:42 - THEIR COMPATRIOTS ON THIS SITE.

46:44 - SO IS ONLY ABLE TO LIBERATE

46:45 - 11 PRISONERS FOR FORMER LOST

46:47 - SOME POINT IN THE MARCH.

46:49 - THE ONLY GET 7 BACK. HE REPORTS

46:52 - THAT HE HAD 13 KILLED, 17

46:53 - WOUNDED IN THE 19 MISSING IN

46:55 - ACTION. MOST OF WHOM WERE THAT

46:57 - THAT COMPANY UNDER HUMOR, SIR.

46:58 - WE DO EVENTUALLY A LOT OF THOSE

47:00 - TO SHOW UP JUST TAKES THEM

47:02 - TIME, YOU KNOW, TO COME IN IN

47:03 - VARIOUS PLACES. BUT THE WHOLE

47:05 - THING IS RECEIVED. I'M VERY

47:07 - GRANDLY BY THE PENNSYLVANIA

47:09 - AUTHORITIES TO OF WHETHER THE

47:11 - CITY COUNCIL BASED IN

47:13 - PHILADELPHIA STRIKES THIS

47:14 - VICTORY MEDAL FOR ARMSTRONG.

47:17 - IT'S JUST SOMETIMES REFERRED

47:18 - TO AS THE FIRST AMERICAN

47:20 - MILITARY HONOR INSTANTLY

47:21 - AMERICAN MILITARY MEDAL THAT

47:22 - STRUCK.

47:24 - THAT DEPICTS THIS GREAT

47:25 - VICTORY, ENFORCE THE PENCIL

47:26 - IN NEWSPAPERS. PENNSYLVANIA'S

47:28 - AT PRINCE, A BIG FRONT PAGE.

47:30 - YOU KNOW, SPREAD ON THE CONTAIN

47:33 - IT. SO WE HAVE A METAL PRINTED

47:35 - ARMSTRONG AS LOUD AS A HERO IS

47:37 - GIVING MANY GIFTS.

47:38 - >>VICTORY CONTAINING SEEMS

47:39 - ASSURED. BUT YOUR RESEARCH

47:41 - SEEMS TO INDICATE OTHERWISE CAN

47:42 - TALK ABOUT THAT. SURE.

47:44 - >>TRADITIONALLY CONTENDING YOU

47:46 - CAN RAISE ALWAYS BEEN PORTRAYED

47:47 - AS A BUT MY OWN RESEARCH, WHICH

47:51 - IS HEAVILY INVOLVED, THE

47:52 - DELAWARE INDIANS. I WAS

47:54 - WONDERING WHY WAS PORTRAYED AS

47:55 - A VICTORY WAS I WAS STUDYING

47:56 - DELAWARE RAIDS DURING THE WAR.

47:58 - IT SEEMS LIKE TO ME IT DIDN'T

47:59 - HAVE MUCH OF AN EFFECT AND I

48:02 - DECIDED TO KIND OF REALLY DIG

48:03 - INTO THAT AND TAKE A LOOK AT IT

48:04 - TO SEE IF I WAS RIGHT OR OR

48:06 - WHY COM, PRETTY MUCH EVERYBODY

48:07 - ELSE, YOU KNOW, THOUGHT IT WAS

48:08 - A VICTORY AND THROUGHOUT KIND

48:11 - OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE

48:14 - RAYS. JUST THE SHEER NUMBER

48:15 - OF RAIDS IS WHERE I STARTED.

48:17 - WHEN I FOUND WAS THAT IN THE

48:19 - MONTHS FROM BRADDOCK DEFEAT TO

48:22 - SEPTEMBER 17, 56 THERE, 78

48:24 - INDIAN RAISE LEAST DOCUMENTED

48:26 - INDIAN RATES AND IN THE MONTHS,

48:28 - SAME TIME PERIOD AFTER

48:29 - ARMSTRONG'S ATTACK ALMOST TO

48:32 - THE END OF THE WAR ARE ACTUALLY

48:34 - MORE THAN 88 ATTACKS. AND THEN

48:37 - WE TAKE A CERTAIN OTHER

48:38 - CONSIDERATIONS. WELL, WITH THE

48:39 - EASTERN DELAWARE'S WERE ACTIVE

48:41 - UP UNTIL THE END OF 17. 56 THEN

48:44 - LEFT THE WAR. THEY WERE

48:46 - ACTUALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ABOUT

48:47 - 46% OF THE OF THE RAIDS ON

48:49 - PENNSYLVANIA BEFORE ARMSTRONG'S

48:50 - ATTACK JUST BY STATISTICAL

48:52 - ANNOUNCED IT WAS VERY CLEAR

48:54 - THAT THE RAIDS INCREASED AFTER

48:56 - THE BE, YOU KNOW, THE ATTACK

48:58 - ON CONTENDING NOT DECREASED

49:00 - DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE

49:01 - PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNMENT SOLD

49:03 - THIS OR OR TALKED ABOUT IT AND

49:05 - PUT IN THE NEWSPAPERS THAT THIS

49:06 - HAD REALLY BLUNTED THE

49:07 - DELAWARE'S ABILITY TO MAINE TO

49:09 - WAGE THE WAR, THE FRONTIERS.

49:10 - WE'RE GOING TO BE SAFE NOW.

49:12 - IT SEEMS LIKE ANYTHING OTHER

49:14 - THAN THAT WAS ACTUALLY THE

49:15 - FACT.

49:16 - IN ADDITION, WHEN YOU LOOK AT

49:17 - THE THE ACTUAL, YOU KNOW, THE

49:20 - THE THE EVENTS ON THE GROUND

49:21 - HERE, YOU KNOW, IT'S IT'S

49:22 - PORTRAYED AS ALL OF TANNING WAS

49:24 - BURNED WAS ONLY A SMALL SECTION

49:25 - OF THOSE ACTUALLY BURN. THE

49:27 - INDIANS WERE BLUNTED, YOU KNOW,

49:29 - IN THEIR ABILITY TO TO WAGE

49:30 - WAR. IT'S TRUE THAT THAT MOST

49:33 - THE DELAWARE, ESPECIALLY NOW

49:34 - SAW CONTENDING IS VULNERABLE

49:36 - AND MOVED WEST OF THE RIVER AND

49:38 - WHAT THEY CONSIDERED TO BE MORE

49:39 - SECURE SITE. BUT THE WAR DID

49:40 - NOT DE-ESCALATE FACT A THING IF

49:43 - IT FOR THE WESTERN DELAWARE'S

49:44 - OVER HERE, YOU ACTUALLY

49:45 - ESCALATED.

49:46 - SO THAT WAS LEFT IN THE

49:47 - QUESTION OF WHY. WHY IS IT

49:49 - PACKAGED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA

49:50 - GOVERNMENT PRACTICE SHIP AS

49:52 - A VICTORY? AND HE GOES ALL BACK

49:54 - TO THAT POLITICAL TURMOIL.

49:56 - IT'S INVOLVED AT THE SAME TIME

49:59 - TO THE ARMSTRONG IS IS RATING

50:01 - HERE. YOU HAVE THIS ANTI

50:02 - PROPRIETARY FACTION WHICH IS

50:04 - IS MOUNTING. WHAT IN EFFECT IS

50:06 - A LOBBYING CAMPAIGN IN LONDON

50:08 - TO REMOVE THE PEN

50:09 - PROPRIETORSHIPS AND ITS

50:10 - EMPLOYEES, WHICH WOULD BE THE

50:11 - GOVERNOR FROM POWER. YOU KNOW,

50:15 - BASE SOME OF THE BASIS OF THEIR

50:16 - ARGUMENT IS THAT THEY ARE NOT.

50:18 - PROTECTING THE COLONY. THEY ARE

50:20 - NOT THEY BASED THEIR DERELICT

50:21 - IN THEIR DUTIES BECAUSE THAT IS

50:23 - THE DUTY OF THE CEO. YOU OF

50:25 - THE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND HIS WE

50:26 - EMPLOY THE GOVERNOR IS

50:27 - PROTECTION. IS MILITARY AFFAIRS

50:29 - AND THEY'RE FAILING IN THERE

50:31 - RESPONSIBILITIES TO THE PUBLIC

50:33 - AND THEREFORE, THEY SHOULD BE

50:34 - REMOVED AND REPLACED BY THE

50:35 - BRITISH GOVERNMENT ITSELF.

50:38 - SO WHAT DO THEY DO? YOU KNOW

50:39 - WHAT THIS CAMPAIGN AT THIS

50:40 - POLITICAL CAMPAIGN AGAINST

50:42 - THEM, THEY SEIZE UPON

50:43 - ARMSTRONG'S ATTACK AND

50:45 - PACKAGING AND KIND OF MARKET

50:46 - IT OUT. HAS THIS GREAT VICTORY

50:48 - ALMOST AS IF TO SAY, SEE, LOOK,

50:50 - WE ARE MAINTAINING, YOU KNOW,

50:52 - WE ARE DOING SOMETHING HERE

50:54 - TO PROTECT THE FRONT HERE.

50:55 - WE ARE DOING SOMETHING YOU

50:57 - KNOW, TO MAKE SURE THAT OUR

50:59 - PEOPLE ARE SAFE. WE ARE

51:00 - MANAGING THIS WAR. WE ARE

51:02 - AFFECTED. WE DON'T NEED TO BE

51:03 - REMOVED FROM POWER AND NOW IS

51:05 - TO YOU KNOW, I THOUGHT ONE OF

51:06 - THE MOST INCRIMINATING PIECES

51:08 - OF EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THAT

51:09 - THEORY WAS THE CASUALTY FIGURES

51:12 - IN THE WAY WHEN THEY MOVE UP

51:13 - THE CHAIN OF COMMAND, THERE

51:14 - ESCALATED. ARMSTRONG TALKS

51:16 - ABOUT KILLING MAYBE 30 TO 40,

51:19 - BUT HE CONCEDES THAT THEY HAVE

51:20 - TAKEN 12 SCALPS. AND WHEN HE

51:23 - GETS BACK SAYS, BUT WE'LL

51:24 - REALLY HAVE 8 WITH US NOW.

51:26 - YOU KIND OF WATCH THAT WAY

51:27 - SAYS, WELL, WE HAD TO LEAVE

51:28 - SO QUICKLY THAT WE LEFT A LOT

51:30 - OF THEM BEHIND. I'M RICHARD

51:32 - PETERS WAS THE PROVINCIAL

51:34 - SECRETARY OF THE COLONY.

51:35 - THE MAN TO WHOM ARMSTRONG

51:36 - DELIVERS THIS REPORT. HE RAN

51:38 - RIGHT HIS OWN OFFICIAL REPORT.

51:40 - AND IN THAT HE TAKES

51:41 - ARMSTRONG'S 8 SCOUTS, 12 SCALPS

51:44 - GUESSTIMATE, MAYBE 30 TO 40.

51:46 - HE ESCALATED THE 50 PLUS

51:48 - INDIANS KILL. OKAY. SO HE

51:50 - INFLATES THE NUMBERS AND THEN

51:51 - THAT'S THE NUMBER THAT GOES

51:52 - OUT. THE OFFICIAL RECORD IN THE

51:53 - NEWSPAPER IN PENNSYLVANIA

51:54 - GAZETTE IN THAT, YOU KNOW, KIND

51:56 - OF THE EQUIVALENT OF THE PRESS

51:58 - RELEASE ISSUED BY THE GOVERNOR.

52:00 - THAT NUMBER IS ESCALATING.

52:02 - ALL OF CONTENDING IS BURNED.

52:04 - THE INDIAN THREAT IS DIMINISHED

52:06 - ITS ITS PR AND PROPAGANDA AS

52:09 - MUCH AS IT'S REALITY. IN FACT,

52:10 - IT'S DRIVEN, YOU KNOW, FOR BY

52:13 - BY A A A A NEED TO MAKE IT

52:15 - APPEAR.

52:17 - THE RIDERSHIP IS DOING

52:19 - SOMETHING THEY NEEDED THE THEY

52:20 - NEEDED A VICTORY INDEED, A

52:22 - VICTORY AS MUCH POLITICALLY

52:23 - AS MILITARILY. AND THIS WOULD

52:25 - HAVE TO BE IT. THIS WOULD

52:26 - SERVE. AND INDEED, THERE'S A

52:27 - VERY INTERESTING LINE IN

52:29 - ARMSTRONG'S REPORT WHERE HE

52:30 - SAYS THIS WILL HAVE A VERY

52:32 - DEROGATORY HAVE A VERY

52:35 - DEROGATORY EFFECT ON THE

52:36 - INDIANS PROVIDED. IT'S FOLLOWED

52:38 - UP ON.

52:40 - AND AN EVERETT. THERE'S NEVER

52:41 - ANOTHER ATTACK MOUNTED DURING

52:42 - THE NOT BY THE PROVINCE IS

52:43 - GOING TO BE FORBES CAMPAIGN.

52:44 - THAT'S GOING TO COME IN AND OUT

52:45 - AND FINISH THE WAR OFF. AND

52:47 - THEN THE INDIANS ARE, YOU KNOW,

52:48 - TAKING OUT THE WAR THROUGH

52:49 - DIPLOMACY. MORE THAN 3

52:51 - MILITANCY AND ALL THAT KIND

52:53 - OF FEEDS INTO MY ESTIMATION

52:55 - THAT THIS WASN'T QUITE THE

52:56 - ATTACK IT MIS MAY BE BUILT UP

52:59 - TO ME. THAT WAS THE BEST THEY

53:00 - COULD DO AT THE TIME. YOU KNOW,

53:02 - IT DID HAVE AN EFFECT. WANT TO

53:03 - MAKE IT SEEM AS THOUGH IT

53:04 - DIDN'T MATTER. WELL, THAT WAS

53:06 - A, YOU IN THE END CAN IN EFFECT

53:08 - OF THING. BUT IT IS A SOMEWHAT

53:10 - MILITARILY MORE OF A PYRRHIC

53:11 - VICTORY THAN THIS GREAT VICTORY

53:13 - THAT'S KIND OF SOLD TO THE

53:14 - PUBLIC. ASKED. ON THAT NOTE,

53:16 - I'D LIKE TO THANK MY GUESTS FOR

53:17 - JOINING US TODAY.

53:18 - >>AS ALWAYS, IF YOU HAVE

53:19 - QUESTIONS ABOUT TODAY'S EPISODE

53:21 - OR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE

53:22 - EPISODES, PLEASE VISIT OUR

53:24 - WEBSITE AT PCN TV DOT COM FOR

53:27 - EVERYBODY HERE. BATTLEFIELD

53:28 - PENNSYLVANIA. I'M BREAK RIGHTS

53:30 - ARE SAYING SO LONG.