00:27 - >>HELLO,

00:27 - >>LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. AND

00:28 - WELCOME TO BATTLEFIELD

00:29 - PENNSYLVANIA. TODAY WE'RE ON

00:31 - LOCATION IN CARLISLE.

00:32 - CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

00:34 - IN JULY OF 18. 63 WHILE UNION

00:36 - AND CONFEDERATE FORCES TANGLE

00:37 - TO GETTYSBURG GENERAL JEB

00:39 - STUART. BOSTON ATTACK HERE AT

00:41 - CARLISLE. AFTER THE DEFEAT OF

00:43 - GETTYSBURG. MANY PLACE THE

00:45 - BLAME FOR THE LOSS SQUARELY

00:46 - ON THEIR SHOULDERS. THE EVENTS

00:48 - THAT OCCURRED HERE, WE'RE

00:49 - CONSIDERED A MAJOR COMPONENT

00:51 - OF THAT ASSAULT. I'M YOUR HOST

00:53 - BREAK, RIGHT, SIR. JOINING ME

00:55 - TODAY TO DISCUSS THE ATTACK

00:56 - ON CARLISLE IS AUTHOR JD PUT

00:58 - RUSI. AND DOCTOR RICHARD

01:00 - SUMMERS, DISTINGUISHED FELLOW

01:02 - AT THE U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE.

01:03 - GENTLEMEN, THANK YOU BOTH FOR

01:04 - BEING HERE. THANK YOU VERY TELL

01:07 - US A LITTLE ABOUT YOUR

01:07 - BACKGROUND.

01:09 - >>WELL, AT THE RISK OF BEING

01:10 - THE MOST HATED HISTORIAN IN

01:13 - ACTION INSURANCE BROKER MY

01:16 - INTEREST IN HISTORY PROBABLY

01:17 - GOES BACK TO WHEN I WAS ABOUT 8

01:18 - YEARS OLD. KIND OF, YOU KNOW,

01:19 - THE TYPICAL BOY THING

01:22 - DISCOVERING THE COWBOYS AND

01:23 - INDIANS AND GETTING INTO THAT.

01:25 - BUT THEN ALL OF A SUDDEN I

01:26 - DISCOVERED THAT A LOT OF U.S.

01:30 - ARMY FOLLOWS THAT WERE TANGLING

01:31 - WITH THESE INDIANS BACK AFTER

01:33 - THE CIVIL WAR IN 18 70'S 80'S

01:35 - 90'S FOUGHT IN THIS. SOMETHING

01:38 - CALLED THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

01:40 - AND SUDDENLY WHEN I DISCOVERED

01:43 - THESE MEN AND WHAT THEY DID

01:45 - IN THE FACT THAT WE HAD THIS

01:46 - FOUR-YEAR WAR THAT LITERALLY

01:48 - TORE THIS COUNTRY APART AND

01:50 - PETTED FAMILY AGAINST FAMILY.

01:51 - I WAS HOOKED AND HAVE BEEN

01:53 - STUDYING AND EVER SINCE.

01:56 - BUT REALLY BECAUSE OF THE

01:57 - COWBOYS AND INDIANS, I THINK

01:58 - THAT GERMINATED THAT SEE THE

02:00 - COP ME FIRST REALLY INTERESTED

02:02 - IN THE CAB OR SO. THAT'S ONE

02:03 - OF THE THINGS THAT CARRIES OVER

02:05 - INTO MY CIVIL WAR STUDIES.

02:06 - ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE CAVALRY

02:08 - IS IS WHAT I I REALLY ENJOY

02:11 - STARTING IT. AND THIS

02:12 - PARTICULAR TOPIC AND WHEN WE'RE

02:14 - LOOKING AT EVENTS SURROUNDING

02:16 - THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN BECAUSE

02:17 - WE'RE TALKING ABOUT NEW YORK

02:18 - HAVE REACTION HERE AGAINST THE

02:21 - TOWN BY JEB STUART AND HIS HIS

02:23 - SOUTHERN HORSEMEN RIGHT UP MY

02:25 - ALLEY AND WHAT I ENJOY. SO, YOU

02:27 - KNOW, FOR THE PAST DECADES,

02:28 - I JUST DEVOUR ANY INFORMATION,

02:31 - ANYTHING THAT I CAN GET ON THE

02:32 - COVER OF BOTH SIDES AND REALLY

02:34 - IN MY BOOKS. WHAT I TRY TO DO I

02:35 - GUESS, IS BRINGING THE

02:36 - IMPORTANCE OF WHAT THE CAVALRY

02:38 - DID, WHICH DOESN'T GET TALKED

02:40 - ABOUT AS MUCH THE OVERALL

02:41 - IMPORTANCE TO ALL THESE

02:42 - DIFFERENT BATTLES AND

02:43 - CAMPAIGNS. AND HERE I AM 40

02:47 - YEARS LATER. AND JUST LIKE A

02:49 - KID JUST AS INTERESTED IN THE

02:50 - GROSS AND STARTING AS MUCH AS

02:52 - I EVER HAVE.

02:53 - >>AND THE 3RD TIME GUEST ON

02:54 - BATTLEFIELD PENNSYLVANIA, SIR.

02:55 - YES, AND I APPRECIATE IT.

02:59 - I WAS BORN AND RAISED IN

03:01 - SUBURBAN CHICAGO AND IT DID

03:03 - MY UNDERGRADUATE WORK AT

03:04 - CARLTON COLLEGE EARNED BITE.

03:07 - >>DOCTOR RICE UNIVERSITY AND

03:09 - ARE THE GREAT CIVIL WAR

03:10 - PROFESSOR FRANK GRANDE RIVER

03:13 - IN 19 SEVEN-DAY. I BECAME A

03:15 - CHARTER MEMBER OF THE ARMY

03:17 - MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE.

03:19 - NOW PART OF THE ARMY HERITAGE

03:21 - AND EDUCATION CENTER. HE RICK

03:23 - CARLISLE BARRACKS, A

03:25 - PENNSYLVANIA. I'VE SERVED THERE

03:27 - AS AN ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF

03:29 - THE JOHNSON PROFESSOR OF

03:30 - MILITARY HISTORY. THE SENIOR

03:32 - HISTORIAN OF THE ARMY HERITAGE

03:36 - PEOPLE TELL ME I RETIRED IN

03:39 - 2014, BUT I STILL TEACH A

03:41 - COURSE IN THE ARMY WAR COLLEGE

03:43 - AND 2 YEARS AGO, THE WAR DID ME

03:47 - THE GREAT HONOR OF DESIGNATING

03:49 - MAY A DISTINGUISHED FELLOW OF

03:51 - THAT INSTITUTION. JD, I'VE JUST

03:53 - DISCOVERED YOU AND I HAVE

03:55 - SOMETHING IN COMMON. I, TOO,

03:58 - WAS A 8 YEARS OLD WHEN I BEGAN

04:01 - MY INTEREST IN MILITARY

04:03 - HISTORY. BUT FOR ME, IT WAS

04:05 - A PATIENT AND MEDIEVAL MILITARY

04:07 - HISTORY. IN 8TH GRADE. I HAD

04:11 - THE GREAT GOOD FORTUNE TO BRUCE

04:13 - CATTON 3 VOLUMES ON THE ARMY OF

04:15 - THE POTOMAC. HE WON ME OVER TO

04:17 - THE CIVIL WAR AND I'VE BEEN

04:19 - THERE EVER SINCE

04:22 - MY ORIGINAL SCHOLARSHIP IS ON

04:24 - THE SIEGE OF PETERSBURG OF MY

04:27 - BOOK, UNREDEEMED THE SEAT JET

04:29 - AT PETERSBURG AND IS CONSIDERED

04:31 - A PIONEER IN WORK AND MODERN

04:33 - STUDIES OF THE SIEGE. BUT THE

04:36 - WHOLE CIVIL WAR INTERESTS ME

04:38 - FROM THE EASTERN SHORE OF

04:39 - VIRGINIA TO ARIZONA FROM SOUTH

04:41 - KANSAS TO SOUTH FLORIDA.

04:43 - AND I'M CURRENTLY WORKING ON

04:45 - A BOOK ON GENERAL SHIP IN THE

04:47 - CIVIL WAR.

04:50 - >>AND I WOULD SAY TO PROBABLY

04:51 - DOCTOR SUMMERS HAS THE EXTENT

04:53 - THE DISTINCTION OF BEING

04:54 - MENTIONED IN PROBABLY EVERY

04:55 - BOOK THAT CAME OUT FOR. BUT HE

04:58 - HASN'T WRITTEN. AND ON THIS

05:00 - PARTICULAR YOU KNOW, THE SIEGE

05:02 - OF KARL LAU AND IN THE BOOK

05:04 - THAT ERIC WOULD AND WE'RE GOING

05:05 - TO COUGH AND PLENTY OF BLAME TO

05:06 - GO AROUND WHICH TALKS ABOUT JEB

05:08 - STUART'S RIDE

05:10 - >>TO PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE

05:12 - GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN, DOCTOR

05:14 - SUMMERS AND HIS STAFF HAVE

05:15 - BEEN, YOU KNOW, PROBABLY THE

05:18 - BIGGEST HELP TO US AND OTHER

05:20 - HISTORIANS ON EVERY PARTICULAR

05:22 - SUBJECT, YOU KNOW, THAT THEY

05:23 - WRITE ON THE ARMY WAR COLLEGE,

05:25 - BOTH THEIR RESEARCH LIBRARY

05:27 - AND THE PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

05:28 - DIVISION, WHICH WE USED HEAVILY

05:31 - AND HE'S HE'S BEEN THERE SUCH A

05:32 - LONG TIME AND SERVING SO WELL

05:34 - THAT I KNOW.

05:35 - >>EVERYBODY KNOWS DOCTOR

05:36 - SUMMERS AND HAS BEEN HELPED

05:38 - EITHER, YOU KNOW, SOME SMALL

05:39 - PART OR INTEGRATE.

05:41 - EFFORT FOR, YOU KNOW, BY HIM

05:43 - AND HIS STAFF TO GET US WHAT WE

05:45 - NEED AND GIVE US THE AND HE'S

05:47 - PROBABLY GOT THE GRAHAM AND

05:50 - THANK YOU. A J D A BUT MY

05:53 - GREATEST PLEASURE OVER. THERE'S

05:55 - LAST NEARLY HALF A CENTURY NOW

05:58 - HAS BEEN TO HELP.

05:59 - >>PEOPLE LIKE YOU AND ERIC

06:01 - WITTENBERG AND SO MANY OFFERS

06:03 - AND RESEARCHERS AND SCHOLARS

06:06 - AND AMERICAN PEOPLE WHO COME TO

06:08 - OUR COUNTRY TO OUR HOLDINGS

06:09 - HERE IN CARLISLE FROM ALL OVER

06:12 - THE UNITED STATES AND ALL OVER

06:13 - THE WORLD. JUST TO EMPHASIZE

06:15 - THAT THE ARMY HERITAGE AND

06:17 - EDUCATION CENTER IS A PUBLIC

06:19 - FACILITY. ONE NEEDS NOT BE AN

06:22 - OFFICER ASSIGNED TO THE ARMY

06:24 - WAR COLLEGE TO BE ELIGIBLE TO

06:26 - USE IT. AND CERTAINLY YOU AND

06:27 - ERIC WITTENBERG. I'M A VERY

06:29 - GOOD USE OF OUR HOLDINGS OVER

06:30 - THE YEARS. THANK YOU SO

06:33 - >>BY 18, 63, WHAT BRINGS THE

06:35 - WAR INTO PENNSYLVANIA? GOOD

06:39 - AT THIS WHEN WE GET INTO THE

06:42 - MONTH OF JUNE 18, 63 ROBERT

06:45 - E LEE HAS HAD QUITE A NUMBER

06:47 - OF

06:49 - >>AGAINST OVERWHELMING ODDS

06:51 - AGAINST THE FEDERAL ARMY AND

06:54 - ROBERT E LEE HAS SEEN A

06:55 - SUCCESSION OF FEDERAL

06:57 - COMMANDERS COME AND GO IN FACT,

06:59 - JUST A FEW DAYS BEFORE THE

07:01 - GREAT BATTLE BREAKS OUT AT

07:02 - GETTYSBURG, WE HAVE ANOTHER

07:03 - BRAND NEW FEDERAL COMMANDER.

07:05 - GEORGE WHO IS APPOINTED TO TAKE

07:08 - OVER AFTER JOSEPH HOOKER IS

07:11 - TERMINATED, SLASHED RESORT.

07:14 - ROBERT E LEE AS HE TRIED TO

07:17 - DO THE YEAR BEFORE SEASON

07:18 - OPPORTUNITY TO GET THE WAR OUT

07:21 - OF WAR TORN VIRGINIA AND ALL

07:22 - THE DESOLATION THAT HAPPENED

07:24 - THERE IN VIRGINIA TO TAKE IT

07:25 - NORTH INTO MARYLAND AND

07:26 - PENNSYLVANIA. PERHAPS PRESS

07:29 - AGAINST PLACES IN PENNSYLVANIA,

07:32 - SUCH AS HARRISBURG.

07:34 - CARLISLE, YORK, EVEN BALTIMORE,

07:37 - MARYLAND, ALL OF THESE PLACES

07:38 - SO IMPORTANT TO I GUESS THE

07:41 - PSYCHOLOGICAL.

07:43 - FEELINGS THAT THE NORTHERN

07:45 - PEOPLE HAVE ABOUT THE WAR THAT

07:46 - IF YOU CAN PRESS AGAINST THAT

07:49 - AND THREATEN THESE DIFFERENT

07:51 - AREAS. YOU CAN GET LINK END

07:54 - AND SOME OF THE POLITICIANS,

07:56 - NORTHERN POLITICIANS TO PRESS

07:57 - FOR PICKS.

07:58 - SO HE BEGINS TO BRING HIS ARMY

08:01 - INTO PENNSYLVANIA THE FIRST

08:04 - INFANTRY THAT COMES INTO

08:04 - PENNSYLVANIA IS THAT CORE OF

08:06 - RICHARD EWELL AND HIS FRONT

08:09 - BY A CRACK CAVALRY BRIGADE

08:13 - UNDER REGULAR GENERAL. ALBERT

08:14 - JENKINS. AND WE'RE GOING TO

08:16 - TALK A BIT ABOUT CHANGING IN

08:17 - THIS AREA. HE DOES QUITE A IN

08:20 - CARLISLE IN PLACES LIKE

08:21 - SPORTING HILL AND SO FORTH

08:24 - BY BRINGING THE WAR IN THE

08:26 - PENNSYLVANIA, LIKE I SAID, LEE

08:27 - CAN KIND OF GET THE

08:29 - RESPONSIBILITY ALL THE

08:30 - DESOLATION AND DESTRUCTION OFF

08:32 - TO VIRGINIA, BUT IT

08:33 - ACCOMPLISHED BOTH THOSE

08:34 - MILITARY AND POLITICAL AIMS TO

08:36 - TRY TO BRING AN END TO THE WAR

08:37 - AND LITERALLY ONE.

08:39 - HE HOPES WHEN HE'S IN

08:41 - PENNSYLVANIA TO TRY TO FIND

08:42 - PIECES OF THE FEDERAL ARMY THAT

08:44 - HE CAN ENGAGE AND PERHAPS

08:46 - DEFEAT PIECEMEAL OR IN PEAKS

08:49 - AS THOSE TROOPS START COMING

08:51 - TOWARD HARRISBURG, CARLISLE,

08:54 - YORK. AND SO FORTH. IT REALLY

08:58 - JUST SCARES THE BEJESUS OUT

08:59 - OF EVERYBODY. ALL THE

09:00 - PENNSYLVANIA RESIDENTS, THEY'RE

09:01 - HERE. SO THEY START SENDING ALL

09:03 - THEIR SUPPLIES. OTHER FORCES

09:04 - ACROSS THE SUSQUEHANNA TO GET

09:06 - EVERYTHING YOU KNOW, OUT OF

09:08 - THIS AREA. SO HE ROBERT E LEE

09:10 - IS DEFINITELY DEFINITELY

09:11 - ACCOMPLISHING HIS AIMS. BUT

09:14 - HE'S GOING TO FIND OUT IF

09:15 - THINGS GET OFF THE TRACK PRETTY

09:16 - QUICK. AND THAT'S TO DO A

09:17 - NUMBER OF FACTORS. AND MAY I

09:18 - ADD A COUPLE OF ADDITIONAL

09:20 - DIMENSIONS TO WHAT YOU STATED

09:22 - SO WELL, JD IN THE OVERALL

09:24 - GRAND STRATEGIC CONTEXT OF THE

09:27 - WHOLE WAR EFFORT.

09:29 - >>THINGS HAVE GONE VERY WELL

09:31 - FOR THE CONFEDERATES IN THE

09:32 - EASTERN THEATER. THE MIDDLE

09:34 - TENNESSEE THEATER HAS REMAINED

09:37 - STATIC SINCE LATE DECEMBER.

09:40 - THE BEGINNING OF JANUARY.

09:43 - BUT ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI

09:44 - RIVER, THINGS ARE LOOKING BAD

09:46 - FOR THE CONFEDERATES. GRAND HAS

09:49 - RECEIVED VICKSBURG GENERAL

09:51 - BANKERS BE FEAGIN PORT HUDSON.

09:55 - SO THE CONFEDERATES. HAVE TO

09:57 - DO SOMETHING ABOUT THAT.

10:00 - AND THERE ARE 3 WAYS THAT

10:02 - STRATEGIST CAN TRY TO SOLVE A

10:05 - MILITARY PROBLEM. THEY CAN TAKE

10:07 - IT ON DIRECTLY. SEND TROOPS

10:09 - TO MISSISSIPPI TO TRY TO RAISE

10:10 - THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG DEFEAT.

10:12 - GENERAL GRANT.

10:15 - TO OPEN UP A NEW FRONT IN

10:18 - MIDDLE TENNESSEE, WHICH HAD

10:20 - WORKED VERY WELL FOR THEM WHEN

10:21 - THEY PUT THEIR EMPHASIS THERE

10:23 - IN THE LATE SUMMER AND EARLY

10:24 - AUTUMN OF 18. 62, THEY'VE BEEN

10:27 - UNABLE TO CAPITALIZE ON IT,

10:29 - BUT NEVERTHELESS, IT APPEARED

10:30 - PROMISING THAT.

10:32 - WHAT THEY WAS THE 3RD OPTION,

10:36 - WHICH IS TO REINFORCE SUCCESS

10:39 - IN THE EASTERN THEATER. THEY

10:40 - HAD THE BEST ARMY UNDER THE

10:42 - BEST CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT

10:44 - E LEE. SO THEY WERE GOING TO

10:46 - RELY ON HIM TO CARRY THE WAR

10:49 - INTO THE NORTH AND PERHAPS

10:52 - CAUSE OF THE FEDERALS TO HAVE

10:54 - TO SEND TROOPS THAT OTHERWISE

10:56 - MIGHT HAVE GONE TO THE SIEGE

10:57 - OF VICKSBURG INTO THE EASTERN

10:59 - THEATER TO TRY TO OPPOSE LEE

11:02 - AND THE INVASION OF

11:04 - PENNSYLVANIA. IN ADDITION WOULD

11:06 - HAVE ALL OF THE BENEFITS HUGE

11:09 - AD HAVE DESCRIBED SO WELL.

11:11 - THERE'S ONE OTHER DIMENSION

11:13 - THAT SPAN IDENTIFIED BY A

11:16 - FORMER COLLEAGUE AND LONGTIME

11:18 - FRIEND OF MINE AT THE ARMY

11:21 - MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE, THE

11:23 - LATE MISTER JAMES CAGLE IN HIS

11:26 - BOOK NORTH WITH LEE AND JACKSON

11:30 - EVERY SINCE 18. 61 STONEWALL

11:32 - JACKSON AND NOW LEAD HAD BEEN

11:35 - TARGETING THE COAL FIELDS OF

11:38 - PENNSYLVANIA, ESPECIALLY THE

11:40 - ANTHRACITE FIELDS ON WHICH THE

11:43 - GREAT STEAM FOR GOODS TO THE

11:44 - UNITED STATES NAVY DEPENDENT

11:47 - THEY COULD NOT BURN-OFF COLD.

11:48 - THEY COULD NOT BURN WOOD.

11:50 - THEY COULD ONLY BERNHARD KOHL

11:52 - ANTHRACITE IF THE CONFEDERATES

11:54 - COULD PENETRATE INTO THE

11:56 - ANTHRACITE REGION. THEY COULD

11:58 - POTENTIALLY DISRUPT THE COAL

12:00 - SUPPLY FOR THE UNITED STATES

12:02 - NAVY. SO THERE ARE ALL OF THESE

12:04 - DIMENSIONS, GRAND STRATEGIC AND

12:06 - THE WHOLE WAR EFFORT. THE

12:08 - STRATEGIC IN THE EASTERN

12:10 - THEATER OPERATIONAL HERE WITHIN

12:12 - PENNSYLVANIA ITSELF. THE KERRY,

12:14 - THE CONFEDERATES IN THE

12:16 - CUMBERLAND COUNTY AND THE

12:17 - COMMONWEALTH IN THE LATE SPRING

12:20 - AND EARLY SUMMER OF 18. 63,

12:22 - MANY LOGISTIC IS IS DOCTOR

12:25 - SOMMER SAID AN END?

12:26 - >>IT KIND OF LEADS US INTO

12:28 - HERE. YOU KNOW, WHEN WE

12:29 - DISCUSSED SOME ROBERT E LEE'S

12:32 - I GUESS THE FRAMEWORK WITHIN

12:35 - THE WAY THAT HE PERCEIVES NORTH

12:37 - AND PENNSYLVANIA. AND THIS GOES

12:39 - DIRECTLY. WHAT WE'RE TALKING

12:40 - ABOUT HERE AS EARLY POSSIBLY IS

12:43 - JUNE 18TH, 18 63 DURING WHAT WE

12:47 - KNOW AS THE VALLEY FIGHTING

12:48 - WHEN JEB STUART WAS FIGHTING IN

12:50 - THE MOUNTAIN DOWN IN THE VALLEY

12:52 - IN VIRGINIA TRYING TO MASK

12:54 - ROBERT E LEE'S MOVEMENTS NORTH

12:56 - OF GETTING INTO A WHOLE LOT

12:57 - OF SCRAPS. THOUSANDS OF YOU

13:00 - KNOW, THIS IS JUST A COUPLE

13:01 - OF WEEKS BEFORE GETTYSBURG,

13:02 - BUT POSSIBLY AS EARLY

13:03 - AS JUNE 18, 18 63 JEB STUART

13:07 - PROPOSED THE IDEA OF DOING

13:10 - ALMOST LIKE A SECOND RIGHT

13:11 - AROUND MCLEOD ONE LIKE HE WAS

13:12 - SO EARLIER. BUT OF COURSE, THIS

13:15 - IS GOING TO BE ARE RIGHT AROUND

13:16 - HOOKERS ARMY AT THE TIME

13:17 - BECAUSE HOOKER WAS THE

13:18 - COMMANDER IN THIS PERIOD WERE

13:20 - TALKING ABOUT. WE GET THIS FROM

13:23 - HENRY MCCOLLUM WHO IS WANTED

13:24 - JEB STUART STAFF OFFICERS WHO

13:26 - RECORDED THAT JEB STUART AS

13:28 - EARLY AS THE 18TH WANTED TO

13:30 - DO THAT. SO OVER THE NEXT FEW

13:31 - DAYS, HE PROPOSES THAT TO

13:33 - ROBERT E LEE, WHO THEN APPROVES

13:35 - THE IDEA OF JEB STUART COMING

13:37 - INTO PENNSYLVANIA SEPARATELY,

13:39 - SORT OF PAVING THE WAY AND

13:41 - STAYING ON A CORPS COMMANDER.

13:44 - YOURS RIGHT?

13:45 - ACROSS THE YOU'LL IS SUPPOSED

13:49 - TO BE GOING TOWARDS YORK,

13:51 - PENNSYLVANIA. AND JEB. STUART

13:53 - IS TASKED WITH A MULTITUDE OF

13:56 - RESPONSIBILITIES AND THIS IS

13:57 - BACK IN 18. 63 WHEN WE DON'T

13:58 - HAVE CELL PHONES AND AERIAL

14:00 - RECONNAISSANCE AND WHATEVER

14:01 - JEB STUART AND HIS CONFEDERATE

14:03 - CAVALRY ARE SUPPOSED TO BE

14:04 - WATCHING FOR YOU ALL. MEET UP

14:06 - WITH HIM IN PENNSYLVANIA.

14:08 - ALL THE WHILE DOING ALL THE

14:09 - DAMAGE TO THE CAMP,

14:10 - PENNSYLVANIA IN COLLECTING AS

14:11 - MUCH SUPPLIES. AND AND AS YOU

14:13 - SAID, YOU KNOW, THREATENING

14:15 - LOGISTICALLY MILITARY MATERIAL

14:19 - THAT THE NORTH CAN WORK WITH

14:21 - QUITE A BIG ORDER. 150 YEARS

14:23 - AGO TO DO THIS. AND THIS IS ONE

14:25 - OF THE MAJOR THINGS THAT LEADS

14:27 - US INTO WHAT HAPPENS WITH JEB

14:28 - STUART ON HIS 10 DAY RIDE, ALL

14:30 - THE BATTLES AND EVERYTHING TO

14:31 - GET SENT TO AND THE FACT THAT

14:33 - IT 10 DAYS TO GO APPROXIMATELY

14:36 - 200 MILES, WHICH IS A PRETTY

14:38 - GOOD SHOT. BUT HIS SON ABLE

14:40 - TO HOOK UP WITH ROBERT E LEE.

14:42 - AND SO THE BATTLE TO GET HIS

14:43 - WORD IS ALREADY ONE UNDERWAY ON

14:45 - JULY. THE SECOND AND AND THIS

14:47 - IS REALLY WHY WE'RE HERE AND

14:49 - WHY WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THIS

14:50 - BECAUSE OF WHAT HAPPENS TO JEB

14:52 - STUART AND THE OTHER

14:53 - FRUSTRATION THAT HE FEELS AND

14:54 - TRYING TO ACCOMPLISH ALL HIS

14:56 - DIFFERENT GOALS. GETTING AN

14:58 - >>NOW, CARLISLE IS NOT A NORMAL

14:59 - TOWN OR CITY IN PENNSYLVANIA.

15:01 - NOW WAR IN 18. 63 DOCTOR

15:04 - SUMMERS. WHAT WAS CARLISLE LIKE

15:06 - IN THE IN THE 19TH CENTURY?

15:07 - IT.

15:08 - >>TO TO UNDERSTAND CARLISLE

15:10 - SIGNIFICANT, WE MIGHT EVEN GO

15:12 - BACK INTO THE THE 18TH CENTURY

15:15 - WHEN THE SCOTS IRISH SETTLERS

15:17 - FIRST CROSSED THE SUSQUEHANNA

15:19 - RIVER INTO THE CUMBERLAND

15:21 - VALLEY. THEY ESTABLISHED THEIR

15:23 - PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF AND

15:26 - AROUND THOSE CHURCHES GREW UP

15:29 - ALL OF THE HISTORIC TOWNS OF

15:31 - THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY. THE

15:33 - FIRST 2 WERE ESTABLISHED RIGHT

15:36 - HERE IN CARLISLE JUST OUTSIDE

15:39 - THE PRESENT BOROUGH LIMITS AND

15:41 - ALSO IT'S SILVER SPRING IN

15:43 - MECHANICSBURG AND THE TOWN OF

15:45 - CARLISLE AND MECHANICSBURG GREW

15:48 - UP NEAR THOSE 2 CHURCHES.

15:50 - CARLISLE WAS REALLY THE BOE

15:53 - WARK OF BRITISH POWER FOR

15:55 - PROTECTING THE SETTLED PORTIONS

15:58 - OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COLIN, A

16:00 - AGAINST THE DEVASTATION OF THE

16:02 - INDIANS IN THE AFTERMATH OF

16:04 - BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT IN 17.

16:06 - 55.

16:07 - >>AND AGAIN, DURING THE PONTIAC

16:09 - WAR IN 17, 63, INDEED, THE

16:13 - BRITISH ARMY ESTABLISH ITS OWN

16:16 - INSTALLATION HERE IN 17.

16:18 - 57, THE SETTLERS HAD THEIR OWN

16:21 - FORT RIGHT DOWNTOWN IMMEDIATELY

16:23 - WEST OF WHERE WE ARE TODAY.

16:24 - FORT LOAFER. BUT THE BRITISH

16:27 - ESTABLISHED THE FORT WHICH

16:29 - TODAY IS CARLISLE BARRACKS AND

16:32 - FROM THEIR GENERAL. JOHN

16:33 - FORBUSH PROJECTED HIS

16:36 - EXPEDITION WESTWARD IN 17.

16:38 - 58 THAT OCCUPIED THE FORT

16:41 - DUQUESNE AND AGAIN FROM HERE

16:44 - IN 17, 63 ALREADY BOUQUET.

16:47 - I WOULD LEAD THE EXPEDITION

16:49 - THAT WOULD DEFEAT THE INDIANS

16:51 - THAT BUSHY RUN IN THE PONTIAC

16:53 - WAR.

16:55 - BUT THE TIME OF THE

16:56 - REVOLUTIONARY WAR, THE POSITION

16:59 - OF CARLISLE MILITARILY WITH

17:01 - MUCH DIFFERENT, NOT FRONTIER, A

17:04 - POWER BASE, BUT AS A LOGISTICAL

17:07 - CENTER SAFELY IN THE INTERIOR,

17:09 - IT WAS THE PRINCIPAL

17:10 - QUARTERMASTER, AN ORDINANCE

17:12 - FACILITY, ESPECIALLY ORDINANCE

17:14 - FOR THE CONTINENTAL ARMY.

17:16 - ON THE RATIONALE THAT IF THE

17:18 - BRITISH NEVER PENETRATED THIS

17:19 - GUY PLAY THE REVOLUTION WOULD

17:21 - HAVE COLLAPSED AND IT PERFORMED

17:23 - A VERY IMPORTANT SERVICE IN

17:26 - BACK REGARD. THE TOWN WAS VERY

17:29 - PATRIOTIC SIGNERS OF THE

17:30 - DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,

17:32 - HALF A DOZEN GENERALS IN THE

17:34 - REVOLUTIONARY WAR HAILED FROM

17:36 - CARLISLE.

17:38 - BY THE MID 19 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

17:43 - NO LONGER IN COMP LIST. ALL

17:44 - OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA AND THE

17:47 - TOWN WAS NOT AS IMPORTANT

17:49 - MILITARILY, BUT IT REMAINED

17:50 - THE SEAT OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY

17:53 - AND IN THE MILITARY SENSE

17:55 - CARLISLE BARRACKS CONTINUE TO

17:57 - SERVE IN AN IMPORTANT CAPACITY

17:59 - IN 18, 38. IT BECAME THE

18:03 - SO-CALLED CAVALRY SCHOOL, THE

18:05 - HEADQUARTERS OF THE MOUNTED

18:06 - RECRUITING SERVICE FOR THE U.S.

18:08 - ARMY AND WAS CONTINUING TO

18:11 - OPERATE IN THAT CAPACITY AT THE

18:13 - OUTBREAK OF THE CIVIL WAR.

18:15 - AND AT THE TIME OF THE BATTLE

18:17 - OF CARLISLE NOW, ARMY SCHOOLS

18:19 - BACK THERE AND WORK UNLIKE ARMY

18:21 - SCHOOLS TODAY, UNLIKE EVEN THE

18:23 - BRANCH SCHOOLS BACK THEN THE

18:25 - CAVALRY SCHOOL WAS ESSENTIALLY

18:28 - A PLACE TO PROVIDE BASIC

18:29 - TRAINING FOR ALL RECRUITS.

18:31 - HOW OUT A HORSE, HOW SHAPE YOUR

18:35 - SABER, HOW TO FIRE ON HORSEBACK

18:39 - AND A HANDFUL OF OFFICERS.

18:41 - USUALLY FRESH OUT OF WEST POINT

18:43 - WOULD BE ASSIGNED TO DUTY IN

18:45 - CARLISLE BARRACKS FOR SOME ON

18:46 - THE JOB TRAINING OF THEIR OWN.

18:49 - AND THAT WHEN THE AND WISH

18:50 - THESE WERE SUFFICIENTLY TRAINED

18:52 - ONE OR ANOTHER OF THOSE

18:53 - OFFICERS WOULD TAKE THEM OUT TO

18:54 - JOIN THE REGIMENT AND THE

18:56 - INDIAN FRONTIER IN FLORIDA OR

18:59 - OUT AND IN THE WEST OR TO THE

19:00 - MEXICAN BORDER. AND I THINK

19:03 - IT'S IMPORTANT. REMEMBER, TOO,

19:05 - >>MANY OF THESE CONFEDERATE

19:07 - OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS THAT ARE

19:09 - RIDING WITH JEB STUART, I HAD

19:11 - SPENT A GOOD DEAL OF TIME HERE

19:12 - IN CARLISLE PRIOR TO THE AT

19:14 - LEAST ONE OF HIS REGIMENTAL

19:16 - COLONELS WAS A STUDENT

19:19 - MANY OTHERS HAVE EITHER, YOU

19:21 - KNOW, TAUGHT HERE OR WERE

19:22 - STUDENTS HERE. SO BY THE TIME

19:24 - THEY PULLED UP ARRANGED IN

19:25 - CARLISLE. YOU KNOW, LATE ON

19:27 - JULY FIRST, WE'RE KIND OF

19:28 - SKIPPING AHEAD JUST A BIT.

19:29 - BUT IT KIND OF GIVE SOME

19:30 - BACKGROUND, YOU KNOW, TO THE

19:33 - AND PROBABLY THE MENTALITY OF A

19:34 - LOT OF THESE OTHER SOLDIERS.

19:36 - AND BY THE TIME THEY COME IN

19:37 - THE CARLISLE, I'M SURE

19:39 - IMMEDIATELY IN THEIR THOUGHTS

19:41 - WAS THE AFFINITY THAT MANY OF

19:43 - THESE CONFEDERATE OFFICERS AND

19:44 - SOLDIERS HAD FOR THE BARRACKS

19:47 - FOR KARL OUT SELF. THE PEOPLE

19:48 - THAT THEY KNEW HERE, YOU KNOW,

19:50 - YOU COULDN'T BE A STUDENT HERE

19:51 - WITHOUT INTERACTING AND THE

19:53 - PEOPLE IN CARLISLE AND WE HAVE

19:55 - A LOT OF REMINISCENCES MANY OF

19:57 - JEB STUART'S TROOPERS JUST FOR

20:00 - THEIR FEW HOURS THAT THEY SPENT

20:01 - HERE IN CARLISLE. THEIR

20:02 - THOUGHTS WERE FILLED WITH, YOU

20:03 - KNOW, REALLY THEIR LOVE FOR

20:04 - THIS AREA WAS SUCH AN IMPORTANT

20:06 - PLACE IN THEIR TRAINING

20:08 - MILITARILY. YOU KNOW, WE'RE

20:09 - TALKING 18 40'S, AN 18 50'S

20:12 - AND HERE THEY ARE COMING BACK

20:13 - TO, YOU KNOW, MAJ AND I GUESS

20:15 - GOING BACK TO YOUR OLD ALONG

20:16 - SPEER YEAR-OLD COLLEGE OR

20:18 - UNIVERSITY AND THEN HAVING TO

20:20 - SEWAGE HAVING TO YOU KNOW,

20:22 - BECAUSE OUR ORDERS ARE, THAT'S

20:25 - WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO UNLESS

20:26 - THIS TIME SURRENDERS. AND

20:27 - THAT'S WHY I THINK A LOT OF

20:29 - THESE OFFICERS SPENT MORE TIME

20:31 - WRITING ABOUT THEIR AFFINITY

20:32 - AND THEIR LOVE FOR CARLISLE AND

20:34 - THEIR PARENTS AND THEIR

20:34 - EXPERIENCE HERE WHEN THEY DID

20:37 - JULY FIRST AND SECOND, WRITING

20:38 - ABOUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT THEY DID

20:40 - HERE AS FAR AS THE SIEGE IS

20:41 - QUITE INTERESTING. THE WAY IT.

20:43 - JEB STUART HIMSELF HAD NOT BEEN

20:45 - ASSIGNED.

20:46 - >>TO THE CAVALRY SCHOOL BECAUSE

20:48 - THE U.S. ARMY WAS BEING

20:50 - EXPANDED RIGHT WHEN HE

20:52 - GRADUATED FROM WEST POINT.

20:54 - AND SO HE WAS SENT IMMEDIATELY

20:57 - TO THE REGIMENT ABOUT OR RIFLES

20:58 - AND THEN TRANSFERRED TO THE NEW

21:00 - FIRST U.S. CAVALRY. BUT FITZ

21:03 - LEAVE ONE OF HIS BRIGADE

21:04 - COMMANDERS, JOHN CHAMBLISS,

21:06 - ANOTHER BRIGADE COMMANDER HAD

21:08 - BEEN ASSIGNED HERE AND FROM

21:09 - THE EARLIER CONFEDERATE

21:11 - OCCUPATION OF CARLISLE, WHICH

21:13 - WILL ALSO TALK ABOUT GENERAL,

21:14 - YOU WILL HIMSELF THE

21:16 - CONFEDERATE A COURT COMMANDER

21:18 - AND ONE OF HIS BIG EARS, ALFRED

21:20 - IVERSON HAD BEEN ASSIGNED TO

21:22 - CARLISLE BARRACKS IN IT.

21:24 - YOU WILL IN THAT 18, 40 AND

21:26 - IVERSON IN THE 18 50'S.

21:29 - WE TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT JEB

21:30 - STUART HAS NAMED TUESDAY COMING

21:31 - UP A LOT SO FAR. IT WILL

21:33 - CONTINUE. SO WHO WAS HE WAS SO

21:35 - IMPORTANT WHEN I THINK OF

21:36 - JEB STUART.

21:38 - >>ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I TRY

21:39 - TO DO IS IS LOOK AT THE

21:40 - WRITINGS AND THE THINGS.

21:43 - >>PEOPLE WHO KNEW LEFT BECAUSE

21:47 - >>EVERYBODY CAN WRITE AN

21:48 - AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND MANY TIMES

21:49 - THEIR SELF-SERVING. OBVIOUSLY

21:51 - JEB STUART DIDN'T LIVE LONG

21:52 - ENOUGH TO TO WRITE AN

21:53 - AUTOBIOGRAPHY. BUT THERE ARE

21:55 - 2 THINGS THAT I THINK OF THAT

21:57 - WERE LEFT UNSAID ABOUT CHIPS,

21:59 - STUART, BY A COUPLE OF PEOPLE

22:00 - WHO WERE CLOSEST TO HIM OR OR

22:02 - KNEW HIM THE BEST AND THE FIRST

22:04 - IS SOMETHING ROBERT E LEE SAID

22:08 - ABOUT JEB STUART. ONCE SHE GOT

22:10 - WORD JOB AHEAD, DIED OF A

22:13 - MORTAL WOUND ON MAY. THE 12TH

22:15 - DAY TO 64 AFTER BEING WOUNDED

22:18 - AT THE VALLEY ALL THE TIME.

22:20 - AND ROBERT E LEE WAS STANDING

22:23 - WITH A COUPLE OF ITS TOP

22:24 - OFFICERS WHEN HE RECEIVED A

22:25 - MISSILE FROM A COURIER. THE

22:27 - CHAMP STEWART HAD PASSED AWAY

22:28 - AND WE HAVE A RECOLLECTION FROM

22:30 - ONE OF THE STAFF OFFICERS THAT

22:32 - ROBERT E LEE READ THE MESSAGE.

22:34 - LOOKED UP, GOT SUMMER FACE

22:36 - BEGAN TO FOLD IT AND TOLD U.S.

22:38 - STAFF OFFICERS THAT JEB STUART

22:40 - HAD PASSED AWAY OF HIS WOUNDS.

22:42 - >>AND MANY SAID ONE SINGLE CENT

22:46 - WHICH I THINK REALLY STANDS

22:47 - OUT. HE SAID JEB STUART NEVER

22:50 - BROUGHT ME A FALSE PIECE OF

22:51 - INFORMATION.

22:52 - IT SAYS IF ROBERT E LEE SOMEHOW

22:54 - HAD AN UNCANNY ABILITY TO TO

22:57 - SUM UP SOMEONE'S LIFE IN A

22:58 - SINGLE SENTENCE WHICH TELLS

22:59 - A LOT JUST IN THAT SENTENCE

23:02 - ABOUT HOW ROBERT E LEE FELT

23:03 - ABOUT CHIPS. STUART, THEY

23:04 - REALLY HAD A FATHER, SON

23:05 - RELATIONSHIP ROBERT E LEE SAW

23:09 - THE EMBODIMENT OF HIS CARRY

23:11 - THE EYES AND EARS OF HIS ARMY

23:13 - AND JEB STUART PERCENT. THE

23:15 - SECOND THING THAT I THINK OF

23:18 - NORTHERN CAVALRY OFFICER

23:20 - BRIGADIER GENERAL DAVID GRANGE,

23:22 - WHO MET CHIPS STUART, ON THE

23:23 - BATTLEFIELD MORE THAN ONCE AND

23:26 - FOUND HIM TO BE A WORTHY AS

23:28 - AT ADVERSARY AND VICE VERSA.

23:30 - BUT DAVID GREGG SAID ABOUT JEB

23:32 - STUART THAT HE WAS THE GREATEST

23:34 - CAVALRY MEN EVER FOLD IN NORTH

23:37 - AMERICA, IN THE SENSE OF A OF A

23:41 - HORSE BEING MORE COPING MORE.

23:43 - GREATEST CARRY MAN EVER.

23:45 - AND DAVID GRAY WAS ABLE TO SIZE

23:47 - UP AND HE WAS HE WAS DEFINITELY

23:49 - A NO NONSENSE. I'M KIND OF LIKE

23:52 - A JOHN BUFORD SORT OF CAVERN

23:55 - AND HE IS SAYING THIS ABOUT A

23:57 - JEB STUART WAS KIND OF THE

23:58 - OPPOSITE. VERY FLAMBOYANT.

24:00 - JEB. STUART WORE RED SATIN CAPE

24:03 - AND A HALF WITH A BIG BLACK

24:04 - OSTRICH PLUME IN IT AND

24:05 - EVERYBODY CAN SEE THEM FROM

24:06 - A MILE AWAY. AND I THINK THAT

24:07 - WAS PART OF HIS PERSONA CHIPS

24:10 - TO OR WANTED TO BE KNOWN AS

24:12 - THE OFFICER WHO IS HERE WITH

24:14 - YOU IN FOR YOU AND STAND HIS

24:16 - GROUND AND MANY TIMES HE WAS

24:17 - OUT IN THE FRONT AND EXPOSED

24:18 - HIMSELF TO FIRED DOZENS OF

24:20 - TIMES DURING THE CIVIL WAR BUT

24:23 - OF COURSE HE WAS. HE WAS A

24:24 - GRADUATE OF WEST POINT IT'S

24:26 - IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT WHEN

24:28 - THE CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT, CHIPS

24:29 - ORDERS, ONLY 28 OR 29 YEARS

24:31 - OLD IS ACTUALLY A YOUNG FELLA.

24:32 - SO HE'S IN HIS YOUNG 30'S WHEN

24:35 - HE DIES OF THAT MORE WIND IN

24:37 - 18, 60 64. BUT BY THE TIME WE

24:40 - GET TO THE SUMMER OF 18, 63 FOR

24:42 - THE BETTER PART OF THE YEAR.

24:42 - NOW, JEB STUART IS A LIVING

24:44 - LEGEND IN THE SOUTH. YEAH.

24:47 - >>AND JD, YOU'RE EXPRESSED DOES

24:49 - SO HIS QUALITIES AS AN OFFICER

24:52 - AND THE MAN. LET ME JUST

24:53 - COMPLIMENT THE ORGANIZATION

24:56 - LIKE HE BEGAN. THE CIVIL WAR IS

24:57 - COLONEL OF THE FIRST VIRGINIA

24:59 - CAVALRY ROSE TO THE CAVALRY

25:02 - BRIGADE OF THE ARMY OF NORTHERN

25:04 - VIRGINIA. AND THEN WAS

25:06 - COMMANDING THE CAVALRY DIVISION

25:08 - OF THAT THROUGHOUT GENERALLY

25:11 - USE 10 YEAR. IT'S IMPORTANT TO

25:14 - REMEMBER THAT GOING INTO THE

25:16 - GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN STEWART'S

25:19 - FORCE IS ONLY ONE DIVISION.

25:24 - IT HAS 5 PER DAY. THERE WERE

25:26 - 2 OTHER MOUNTAIN BRIGADES, AT

25:28 - LEAST DISPOSAL. ONE OF THEM

25:30 - JENKINS BRIGADE WILL COME UNDER

25:32 - STEWART'S COMMAND ON JULY

25:34 - SECOND, WHEN STEWART REJOINS

25:36 - THE ARMY AFTER THE RAID

25:38 - EMBOLDENS BRIGADE WILL NOT

25:40 - REALLY COME UNDER STEWART'S

25:41 - OPERATIONAL CONTROL UNTIL THE

25:44 - FINAL FIGHTING AT THE RICK ROSS

25:46 - RINGS OF THE POTOMAC IN MID

25:48 - JULY. BUT TO CONTROL EVEN 5,

25:52 - LET ALONE 7 BRIGADES OF

25:55 - HORSEMEN.

25:56 - STEWART HAS ONLY A DIVISIONAL

25:59 - COMMAND STRUCTURE. IT REALLY

26:01 - WAS A CORE IN TERMS OF

26:03 - MANPOWER, BUT ONLY A DIVISION

26:05 - IN TERMS OF STRENGTH, NOT UNTIL

26:07 - SEPTEMBER 18. 63 WITH THE

26:09 - MOUNTED ARM OF THE ARMY OF

26:11 - NORTHERN VIRGINIA. WE

26:13 - REORGANIZED AS A CORE AND THIS

26:15 - IS VERY PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES

26:18 - BECAUSE IT MEANS THAT EVERY ONE

26:20 - OF THE BRIGADE COMMANDERS

26:21 - REPORT DIRECTLY TO STEWART,

26:23 - THERE IS NO OFFICIAL STRUCTURED

26:27 - THE VISUAL SUBORDINATE BELOW

26:29 - HIM. AND THIS WILL HAVE A VERY

26:31 - IMPORTANT IMPACT ON THE USE

26:35 - OR MISUSE OF THEM OUT OF DURING

26:38 - THE THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN.

26:41 - CAN WE TALK ABOUT WHAT JEB

26:42 - STUART DOES IN PENNSYLVANIA IN

26:44 - RELATION TO THE REST OF LEE'S

26:45 - ARMY? SURE.

26:48 - >>AS I SAID BEFORE HE WAS HE

26:50 - WAS GIVEN QUITE A NUMBER OF

26:52 - TASKS TO COMPLETE HERE IN

26:53 - PENNSYLVANIA. HE WAS TO PROCEED

26:59 - FROM DIRECTORS. STARTING OUT

27:02 - JUNE, THE 25TH. SO THIS IS

27:04 - ABOUT 6 DAYS OR SO BEFORE THE

27:06 - BATTLE IS GOING TO BREAK OUT

27:07 - HERE IN PENNSYLVANIA AND

27:08 - GETTYSBURG. HE IS TO STAY ON

27:11 - THE RIGHT OF GENERAL RICHARD

27:13 - JEWELS, CORE SORT OF FEELING

27:16 - HIS RIGHT AND PROTECTING HIS

27:17 - RIGHT.

27:18 - BY THAT AND YOU'LL IS TO

27:21 - PROCEED EAST OF THE MOUNTAINS

27:23 - IN THE PENNSYLVANIA. HE ENDS

27:24 - UP RECEIVING PART OF THE WAY

27:26 - WEST OF THE MOUNTAINS. AND THIS

27:27 - DOES NOT MAKE JEB STUART'S

27:29 - RESPONSIBILITY OR HIS TASK ANY

27:31 - EASIER, MUCH MORE DIFFICULT.

27:33 - HE IS ORDERED TO DO AS MUCH

27:36 - DAMAGE AS HE CAN TO NORTHERN

27:39 - WAR MATERIAL AND RESOURCES AND

27:42 - ALSO BY THAT, WE'RE GOING TO

27:44 - HAVE COLLATERAL DAMAGE, SO TO

27:45 - SPEAK, YOU KNOW, AMONGST THE

27:46 - CITIZENRY, BUT HIS ORDER TO

27:48 - DO AS MUCH DAMAGE AS IT CAN

27:50 - TO COLLECT AS MANY SUPPLIES FOR

27:52 - THE USE OF THE ARMY AS HE CAN

27:54 - WHEN IT GETS INTO PENNSYLVANIA

27:56 - AND THEN REJOINING THE

27:57 - CONFEDERATE ARMY, AKA, YOU'LL

28:01 - SCORE SOME WERE IN

28:02 - PENNSYLVANIA, POSSIBLY AROUND

28:04 - YORK, AROUND HARRISBURG, AND TO

28:07 - DO ALL THIS AND A 200 MILE

28:09 - MARCH

28:10 - WHILE BASICALLY LIVING OFF THE

28:12 - LAND AS BEST YOU CAN AND AS I

28:15 - MENTIONED BEFORE WE GO BACK

28:17 - 250 YEARS AND WE LOOK AT THE

28:18 - THE SHEER LOGISTICS OF THIS.

28:21 - IT'S IT'S AMAZING THAT THEY

28:22 - DID GET HERE AT ALL TO BE ON,

28:25 - YOU KNOW, AND TO MAKE IT ON THE

28:26 - GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD BY JULY.

28:28 - 2ND.

28:29 - >>JEB STUART WILL LATER

28:30 - COMPLAINED IN HIS OFFICIAL

28:32 - BATTER REPORTED THE GETTYSBURG

28:33 - CAMPAIGN THAT ONCE IT GETS INTO

28:36 - PENNSYLVANIA AND JEB STUART'S

28:38 - GETS TANGLED ON JUNE, THE 30TH

28:40 - WITH FEDERAL CARRY OF HANOVER,

28:42 - PENNSYLVANIA, AN ALL-DAY

28:44 - PITCHED BATTLE LAST ABOUT 10 OR

28:45 - 12 HOURS WHEN YOU WILL IS JUST

28:48 - NORTH OF HIM ABOUT 10 MILES

28:50 - AWAY. AND ONE OF HIS DIVISION

28:52 - COMMANDERS JOB OR EARLY.

28:54 - HERE'S JON STEWART'S GUNS OR

28:56 - WHAT SOUNDS LIKE ARTILLERY NEAR

28:59 - OF HANOVER. NEVER MAKES ANY

29:01 - EFFORT WHATSOEVER TO CONTACT

29:03 - JEB STUART ARE FIND OUT WHO'S

29:04 - THERE. OBVIOUSLY THE 2 SIDES

29:06 - ARE FIGHTING. SOMEBODY IS

29:07 - FIGHTING IN THE HANOVER AREA.

29:09 - BUT NEITHER YOUR EARLY MAKE ANY

29:11 - EFFORT TO TRY TO FIND OUT WHAT

29:14 - IT IS OR TO HOOK UP WITH CHIPS.

29:15 - STUART. SO JEB STUART IS LEFT

29:17 - AT THE END OF JUNE. 30TH TO

29:19 - BREAK OFF FROM PATRICK'S

29:22 - FEDERAL COVERAGE, DIVISION AND

29:23 - HANOVER AND THEN GO FURTHER

29:25 - TO THE EAST AND TRY TO GET

29:27 - NORTH TO GET IN THE AREA OF

29:29 - AND CARLISLE WHILE AVOIDING ANY

29:31 - MORE FEDERAL CARRIED BY THAT

29:33 - TIME JUNE. THE 30TH FOR THE

29:34 - PREVIOUS 5 DAYS, IT ALREADY

29:36 - BEEN DELAYED BY SKIRMISH AFTER

29:38 - SKIRMISH IN A COUPLE OF PITCHED

29:39 - BATTLES TRIES TO MAKE HIS WAY

29:42 - NORTH. AND HE'S HE'S

29:44 - INTERVIEWING CIVILIANS. HE'S

29:46 - GETTING AS MANY NEWSPAPERS IS

29:48 - CAN HE'S TRYING TO FIND ANY

29:49 - INFORMATION ABOUT WHERE ANY

29:51 - PORTIONS OF THE CONFEDERATE

29:53 - ARMY ARE IN SOUTH CENTRAL

29:54 - PENNSYLVANIA. IF AT ALL, BY THE

29:56 - TIME HE DOES GET INFORMATION

29:59 - THAT YOU'LL HAS BEEN A NEW YORK

30:00 - AREA. IT'S ALREADY 5 OR 6 DAYS

30:02 - OLD.

30:04 - STEWART THEN STARTS HEADING

30:05 - NORTH AND THEN TRYING TO TO

30:07 - FIND ANY ELEMENTS OF THE

30:08 - CONFEDERATE ARMY HOOK UP WITH.

30:10 - THEY'RE ALREADY GOT. SO HE

30:12 - DECIDES TO MAKE HIS WAY TOWARD

30:13 - CARLA. SO HE IS JUST SPENT THE

30:16 - LAST 3 OR 4 DAYS AND PITCHED

30:17 - BATTLES AND SKIRMISHES TRYING

30:19 - TO ACCOMPLISH IS HIS AND TO TO

30:22 - MEET UP WITH FAMILY FRIENDLY

30:23 - TROOPS OF WHATEVER POSSIBLE

30:25 - TYPED. AND HE'S ALWAYS MISSING.

30:27 - IT'S LIKE A NEVER, NEVER ENDING

30:29 - NIGHTMARE. THAT JUST KEEPS, YOU

30:30 - KNOW, GOING ON AND ON. AND IN

30:32 - ADDITION TO THAT, HE'S DEALING

30:33 - WITH SAY A LARGE WAGON TRAIN

30:36 - ABOUT 125 WAGONS THAT CAPTURED

30:38 - A ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND OUTSIDE

30:39 - OF WASHINGTON, D.C., THAT HAS

30:41 - BEEN SLOWING DOWN AS PROGRESS.

30:43 - THE LOGISTICS OF IT IS JUST

30:45 - MIND-BOGGLING. WHEN YOU LOOK AT

30:47 - THESE TROOPERS AND WHAT THEY

30:48 - TRIED TO DO ON NO FOOD, VERY

30:51 - LITTLE WATER, SPOTTY FORAGE FOR

30:53 - THE HORSES. THEY'RE LITERALLY

30:55 - FALLING ASLEEP IN THE THEIR

30:58 - COMRADES WOULD LAUGH AT THEM

30:59 - WHEN THEY HIT THE FALL ASLEEP

31:01 - INSIDE OWN HIT THE ROAD WHEN

31:02 - THEY GOT TO PICK THEMSELVES

31:03 - BACK UP. THESE GUYS HAVE GONE

31:05 - FOR 10 DAYS WITH NO SLEEP AND

31:08 - 100 MILES IN ENEMY TERRITORY.

31:10 - AND LIKE I SAID, IT JUST

31:11 - BOGGLES THE MIND WHEN YOU THINK

31:12 - OF WHAT THEY HAD TO DO, WHAT

31:13 - THEY WANT TO. WHENEVER HE GETS

31:15 - THE CARLISLE IS CARR ALLOWING A

31:17 - DEFENSIBLE POSITION IS THEIR

31:18 - UNION TROOPS HERE IN THE CITY?

31:20 - >>LET ME SPEAK TO THAT

31:24 - THE OVERALL CONFEDERATE DEAD

31:27 - BANDS FROM THE FREDERICKSBURG

31:29 - AREA NORTHWARD BROKE THROUGH

31:32 - THE OUTER SHELL OF FEDERAL

31:34 - DEFENSES AT THE SECOND BATTLE

31:36 - OF WINCHESTER, THE FIRST BATTLE

31:38 - OF STEPHEN FIRMS DEPOT JUNE

31:40 - 13TH TO 15TH 18. 63 ONCE THE

31:44 - CONFEDERATES BROKE THROUGH THAT

31:46 - THERE WAS REALLY NO EXISTING

31:49 - FORCE TO STOP THEM. IN

31:52 - PENNSYLVANIA PROPER. THERE WAS

31:54 - A PROVISIONAL COMPANY OF

31:56 - CAVALRY RECRUITS HERE, CARLISLE

31:58 - BARRACKS. THERE WAS A COMPANY

32:00 - OF WALKING WOUNDED AND

32:02 - CONVALESCENCE IN THE YORK

32:04 - MILITARY HOSPITAL. THAT WAS IT.

32:07 - THEY WERE PENETRATING A

32:08 - STRATEGIC BOYD, ESPECIALLY

32:11 - EWELLS CORE JENKINS CAVALRY

32:14 - BRIGADE, WHICH WAS ATTACHED

32:16 - TO THAT CORE.

32:19 - THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC HAD

32:20 - BEEN DOWN AND OF FREDRICKSBURG

32:23 - AND MOVE BACK NORTH THROUGH

32:25 - DUMFRIES AND FAIRFAX AND

32:27 - LEESBURG WOULD NOT CROSS THE

32:29 - POTOMAC UNTIL JUNE. 25TH 27TH

32:32 - TO THE THE AREA OF OF

32:34 - FREDERICK, MARYLAND, 2. SO THE

32:36 - CONFEDERATES HAVE REALLY GOT

32:38 - NORTH OF THE YANKEES IN THIS

32:40 - OPERATION. WE KNOW THAT THE

32:43 - ARMY OF THE POTOMAC IS COMING

32:44 - UP AFTER THE GREAT COACH.

32:47 - BUT WHO CAN HEAD THEM OFF?

32:49 - GENERAL WHO WOULD DO A BETTER

32:52 - AND THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE

32:53 - IN THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC WAS

32:55 - SENT TO TAKE COMMAND. THE NEW

32:57 - DEPARTMENT OF THE SUSQUEHANNA.

33:02 - PERSUADES GOVERNOR CURTAIN TO

33:04 - ISSUE A CALL FOR VOLUNTEER

33:07 - TROOPS TO SERVE IN PENNSYLVANIA

33:09 - FOR THE DURATION OF THE WAR.

33:10 - JUST HOME GUARDS. NOBODY

33:13 - RESPONDS.

33:16 - PRESIDENT LINCOLN ISSUES A CALL

33:17 - FOR 105. WAS THAT 6 MONTHS

33:20 - VOLUNTEERS HAVE A LITTLE MORE

33:23 - TO COME FROM PENNSYLVANIA,

33:24 - BARELY 5,000 MEN IN LIST AND

33:27 - ARE BAD AND MOST OF THEM A

33:29 - STURDY AND UNTIL MID JULY OR

33:31 - EVEN AUGUST AFTER THE CRISIS

33:34 - HAS PASSED. SO THAT NO ONE

33:37 - TURNS TO THE MILITIA.

33:39 - NOW THE ESSENCE OF AMERICAN

33:41 - MILITARY MANPOWER, POLICY

33:44 - SENSE, THE FOUNDING OF THE

33:46 - UNITED STATES WAS BASED ON THE

33:49 - MODEL OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN

33:51 - REPUBLIC THAT VIRTUOUS CITIZENS

33:53 - WHO WOULD TAKE UP ARMS AND TIME

33:55 - OF DANGER TO PROTECT THE

33:58 - COUNTRY AND THE MILITIA LAWS OF

34:00 - THE UNITED STATES REQUIRED

34:02 - EVERY ABLE-BODIED WHITE MALE

34:04 - BETWEEN THE AGES OF 18 35 TO

34:07 - SERVE IN THE MILITIA WITH A

34:09 - FEW EXCEPTIONS FOR

34:11 - CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS AND

34:12 - SO ON.

34:15 - WHEN THE INDIAN FRONTIER WAS

34:16 - JUST OVER NORTH OUT HERE IN IN

34:20 - PERRY COUNTY AND THE DANGER

34:22 - WAS CLEAR AND PRESENT THAT

34:24 - MALICIOUS SYSTEM WAS VIABLE.

34:26 - BUT AS THE INDIAN FRONTIER HAD

34:28 - RECEDED OUT ONTO THE GREAT

34:29 - PLAINS AS THE THREAT FROM A

34:32 - SINGLE AND A APPEARED NOT TO

34:34 - BE PARTICULARLY ALARMING.

34:36 - THE MILITIA SYSTEM THROUGHOUT

34:38 - MOST OF THE UNITED STATES HAD

34:40 - AFTER FEET IN FAIRY

34:42 - PENNSYLVANIA HAD 300,000

34:45 - MILITIA MEN IN 20 DIVISIONS

34:48 - AS OF THE LAST MUSTER, WHICH

34:50 - WAS IN 18, 58 IN REALITY.

34:52 - THEY HAD ONLY 2 REGIMENTS.

34:54 - THEY HAD 20 DIVISION

34:55 - COMMANDERS, BUT THEY COULD

34:57 - FIELD ONLY TO REGIMENTS

34:59 - MILITIA. SO PENNSYLVANIA HEAD

35:02 - TO CREATE ITS MILITIA, A NEW

35:05 - IT CREATED ABOUT 7500 MEN TO

35:09 - GO INTO UNITED STATES SERVICE

35:11 - AS MILITIA AND ABOUT 24,000 MEN

35:15 - TO GO INTO STATE SERVES AS

35:17 - MILITIA THE FIRST GROUP

35:20 - ACTUALLY WAS IN THE FIELD BY

35:22 - LATE JUNE, BUT ONLY ONE

35:23 - REGIMENT OF STATE MILITIA WAS

35:25 - IN THE FIELD BY THE TIME THAT

35:28 - THE THE CRISIS OF THE

35:29 - GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN. SO

35:32 - PENNSYLVANIA IS NOT WELL ABLE

35:34 - TO PROTECT ITSELF. THANK

35:37 - GOODNESS FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK

35:40 - AND MASSACHUSETTS WHERE THE

35:41 - ONLY 2 STATES THAT MAINTAIN

35:44 - A VIABLE MILITIAS SYSTEM

35:46 - CONSISTING OF NOT ONLY COLONELS

35:48 - AND GENERALS, BUT OF CORPORALS

35:50 - AND PRIDE. 4 TIMES DURING THE

35:52 - CIVIL WAR IN THE INITIAL

35:54 - OUTBREAK OF THE WAR DURING THE

35:56 - STONEWALL JACKSON SCARE IN MAY

35:58 - OF 18. 62, THE JUBILEE EARLY

36:01 - SCARE IN JULY OF 18. 64 AND

36:04 - MOST IMPORTANTLY RIGHT DURING

36:07 - THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN, NEW

36:09 - YORK SAID ITS NATIONAL GUARD

36:11 - INTO THE FIELD. 14 FI WAS IN

36:14 - FIGHTING MEN. PLUS 2000

36:16 - VOLUNTEERS. MOST OF THEM CAME

36:19 - HERE TO 8 REGIMENTS WENT TO

36:23 - BALTIMORE, ONE TO WASHINGTON,

36:26 - D.C., BUT THE GREATEST NUMBER

36:27 - WE'RE HERE IN THE COMMONWEALTH

36:29 - AND MOST OF THEM WERE TO

36:33 - PROTECT HARRISBURG.

36:35 - AND WITH THEM CAME THEIR

36:37 - GENERALS. THIS WAS UNHEARD OF

36:40 - IN THE CIVIL WAR. BOTH

36:42 - PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND

36:43 - PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS

36:45 - JEALOUSLY GUARDED THE

36:47 - PRESIDENTIAL PREROGATIVES OF

36:49 - APPOINTING GENERAL OFFICERS.

36:51 - THEY ALLOWED STATES TO RAISE

36:52 - TROOPS COMMISSION OFFICERS UP

36:54 - TO THE GREAT OF COLONEL.

36:55 - BUT THE APPOINTMENT OF GENERALS

36:57 - WITH THE PRESIDENTIAL

36:58 - RESPONSIBILITY YET SO DIRE WAS

37:01 - THE CRISIS. THE PRESIDENT DID

37:04 - NOT INSIST A BOMB AT

37:06 - CONSIDERATION, BUT HE ACCEPTED

37:08 - 6 BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS,

37:10 - INCLUDING 5 BRIGADIER GENERALS

37:13 - OF THE NEW YORK NATIONAL GUARD,

37:15 - ONE OF WHOM GENERAL JOHN, YOU

37:17 - ONE WOULD COME THE TROOPS, A

37:21 - BRIGADE OF TROOPS HERE UNDER

37:23 - GENERAL SMITH DURING THE BATTLE

37:25 - OF CARLISLE.

37:27 - NOW, MOST OF THESE TROOPS THAT

37:29 - WERE CONCENTRATED AROUND

37:30 - HARRISBURG FORMED THE FIRST

37:32 - DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

37:34 - THE SUSQUEHANNA UNDER GENERAL

37:36 - WILLIAM F SMITH.

37:39 - 2 BRIGADES OF THAT DIVISION

37:42 - WOOD PARTICIPATE IN THE

37:45 - SKIRMISHING AND THE FIGHTING

37:48 - ON THE WHAT WE CALL THE THE

37:49 - WEST SHORE. THE AREA JUST TO

37:52 - THE RIGHT BANK OF THE

37:53 - SUSQUEHANNA NEAR WHERE CAMP

37:55 - HILL STANDS TODAY. CAMP HILL

37:57 - DIDN'T EXIST

37:58 - IN 18. DURING THE CAMPAIGN.

38:02 - BUT IF YOU GET, WHICH IS WHERE

38:04 - THE FIGHTING OCCURRED ON JUNE

38:05 - 28TH 29028TH AND

38:09 - BY THE MORNING OF JULY. FIRST,

38:12 - THE CONFEDERATES WERE GONE FROM

38:14 - THE WEST SHORE.

38:17 - WHERE HAD THEY GONE?

38:20 - SMITH HAS ONLY 2 COMPANIES HAVE

38:22 - CAVALRY A ONE OF A NEW YORK

38:24 - REGIMENT TO ESCAPE THE

38:26 - DISASTER. THAT SECOND WIND,

38:28 - CHESTER AND A SCORE DID THAT

38:30 - GENERAL MILROY TO SAFETY AND

38:33 - THESE PROVISIONAL COMPANY, THE

38:35 - RECRUITS FROM CARLISLE

38:36 - BARRACKS, HE SENDS THESE

38:38 - HORSEMEN OUT TO SCOUT FOR THE

38:40 - CONFEDERATES, BUT HE HAS TO

38:42 - RELY ON INFANTRY.

38:44 - WHY ROBERT E LEE, HE WAS

38:45 - RELYING ON HIS INFANTRY TO TRY

38:47 - TO FIND WHERE THE YANKEES WERE

38:49 - AT THE END OF JUNE EARLY JULY

38:51 - OF 63. SO HE SENDS 2 BRIGADES

38:55 - WESTWARD FROM THE OYSTER AREA.

39:00 - ONE GOING ALONG THE CARLISLE,

39:03 - HARRISBURG PIKE PRESENT-DAY

39:04 - ROUTE 11. THE GOING ALONG.

39:07 - WHAT WAS ELEGANTLY NAMED THE

39:10 - MUD ROAD CALLED ROAD.

39:15 - TOWARDS CARLISLE. AND SO THESE

39:17 - TROOPS WOULD BE APPROACHING

39:19 - CARLISLE, NOT SURE OF WHAT THEY

39:21 - WOULD FIND. WHAT THEY FOUND

39:23 - WERE TOWNSFOLK.

39:26 - THE LIGHTED, THE ARRIVAL OF

39:28 - THEIR DELIVERS. THE

39:29 - CONFEDERATES HAD PULLED OUT

39:30 - OF CARLYLE. GENERAL, YOU WILL

39:32 - ON THE MORNING OF JUNE 30TH

39:34 - AND GENERAL JENKINS HAD PASSED

39:37 - THROUGH IT. CARLISLE OVER NIGHT

39:39 - OF JUNE 30 TO JULY. 1ST.

39:41 - BUT NOW HERE ON THE AFTERNOON

39:43 - OF JULY, 1ST, THE TROOPS THAT

39:45 - ARE ARRIVING ARE FEDERAL

39:47 - FORCES, A BRIGADE OF NEW YORK

39:49 - NATIONAL GUARDSMAN, A BRIGADE

39:51 - OF PENNSYLVANIA MILITIA, A

39:53 - BATTERY OF PHILADELPHIA

39:55 - MILITIA, NOT EVEN STATE

39:57 - MILITIA, BUT CITY MILITIA.

40:00 - COMING FROM THE WEST SHORE TO

40:02 - DELIVER CARLISLE SOLIZ WITH THE

40:04 - TROOPS THAT WERE COMING INTO

40:05 - THE CITY AND HAVE THIS PERIOD.

40:08 - SO WE HAVE TO FORCE US COMING

40:10 - TOGETHER HERE AT CARLISLE.

40:12 - ONE WAITING, TAKE US THROUGH

40:13 - THE BATTLE ON JULY. 1ST.

40:15 - >>WHEN THE FEDERAL FORCES CAME

40:17 - INTO TOWN

40:19 - ALONG ROAD, WHICH IS HIGH

40:22 - STREET P EAST WEST STREET RIGHT

40:25 - BEHIND US AND THE HARRISBURG

40:27 - CARLISLE PIKE, WHICH IS HANOVER

40:30 - STREET, THE NORTH SOUTH STREET,

40:32 - ALSO JUST BEHIND US. THEY WERE

40:35 - GREETED HERE ON THE TOWN SQUARE

40:38 - BY THE TOWNSFOLK AND IN THE

40:41 - MARKET HOUSE, WHICH BANS JUST

40:43 - ACROSS FROM THIS HISTORIC OLD

40:45 - COURTHOUSE WHERE THE NEW

40:46 - COURTHOUSE NOW STANDS. THE THAT

40:48 - WAS THE SITE OF THE THE MARKET

40:50 - HOUSE. SOLDIERS WERE TREATED

40:56 - MEALS AND AND WATER AND AND

40:58 - MEL BY THEIR OWN BY THE

41:00 - TOWNSPEOPLE. BUT THE SOLDIERS

41:02 - WERE EXHAUSTED, THE THAT THEY

41:04 - WERE NOT EXPERIENCED SOLDIERS.

41:06 - THAT PENNSYLVANIANS WERE

41:07 - TOTALLY WRONG. THE NEW YORKERS

41:09 - HAD SEEN A LITTLE SERVICE, AT

41:11 - LEAST IN BEEN IN UNIFORM IN

41:13 - 18 62, BUT THEY ALSO WE'RE

41:16 - TIRED AND THEY WERE GRATEFUL

41:18 - TO HAVE A

41:20 - THIS MEAL. THERE WERE SOME

41:21 - REPORTS OF THE CONFEDERATES

41:22 - MIGHT BE COMING BACK UP.

41:25 - THE BALTIMORE PIKE WHICH IS

41:27 - HANOVER STREET GOING SOUTH

41:29 - PRESENT-DAY ROUTE. 34 94.

41:34 - AND SO THAT WAS THE ROUTE WHICH

41:37 - GENERAL YOU'LL HAVE LEFT TOWN

41:39 - ON JUNE. 30TH. SO GENERAL YOU

41:41 - AND TOOK THE 22ND NEW YORK

41:43 - NATIONAL GUARD, ONE SECTION OF

41:46 - OF THE PHILADELPHIA LIGHT

41:48 - ARTILLERY AND MOVED SOUTH TO

41:51 - A HIGH RIDGE OF GROUND, WHICH I

41:53 - THINK IS THE SITE OVERLOOKING

41:55 - THE PRESENT CARLISLE COUNTRY,

41:57 - MARK, WHERE HE THOUGHT HE HAD

41:59 - A GOOD BLOCKING FORCE, BUT HE

42:01 - DIDN'T REALIZE THAT THE PRO

42:03 - CHING CONFEDERATES WERE NOT

42:04 - COMING UP. THE BALTIMORE PIKE.

42:06 - BUT UP THE YORK CARLISLE ROAD

42:08 - PRESENT DAY ROUTE. 74, THAT'S

42:11 - HOW STEWART WAS APPROACHING

42:13 - FROM DOVER. HE HAD LEFT WADE

42:14 - HAMPTON AT DILLSBURG, A KEY

42:16 - INTERSECTION OF THE CARLISLE

42:18 - YORK ROAD WITH A HARRISBURG,

42:19 - GETTYSBURG ROAD. COLONEL NYE

42:22 - AND HIS EPIC STUDY OF THE

42:24 - CAMPAIGN APPLAUSE AND WE

42:26 - SURMISE IS THAT CHECK. BLISS

42:27 - IS BRIGADE WHICH PROBABLY LEFT

42:29 - AT THE BRANSON BELLE. WHERE ARE

42:32 - THE YORK ROAD ACROSS AS YELLOW

42:34 - BREECHES CREEK, ALTHOUGH AT

42:35 - LEAST ONE OF THE CHAMBLISS IS

42:36 - REGIMENTS WOULD FIGHT AT

42:39 - CARLISLE THE NIGHT FOR JUNIOR

42:40 - CAVALRY.

42:42 - AND WITH FITZ LEESBURG AID AND

42:45 - THE 6 PIECES OF HORSE

42:47 - ARTILLERY. STUART PROCEEDS ON

42:50 - THE CARLISLE IS TOTALLY PASSED

42:52 - AROUND INTO THE LEFT. REAR VIEW

42:54 - IS BLOCKING FORCE AND HE

42:57 - EMERGES WHERE YORK ROAD TURNS

43:00 - INTO EAST HIGH STREET. WELL,

43:04 - THE LATE AFTERNOON OF WELL,

43:06 - FIRST OF JULY.

43:09 - THE CONFEDERATES ARE STYLISH

43:11 - TO FIND THAT YOU WAS NO LONGER

43:13 - IN TOWN.

43:15 - STILL, THEY HAVE NOT MANAGED TO

43:16 - LINK UP WITH CONFEDERATE

43:18 - FORCES, BUT INSTEAD THEY'RE

43:20 - YANKEES DOWNTOWN.

43:23 - SO ITS LEASE ENDS IN A DEMAND

43:26 - TO SURRENDER THAT OUT.

43:28 - THE FEDERAL GENERAL WILLIAM F

43:30 - SMITH, WHO WAS A REGULAR ARMY

43:33 - OFFICER AND A BRIGADIER GENERAL

43:35 - OF VOLUNTEERS ASSIGNED TO COME

43:37 - AND THIS DIVISION A VERY

43:38 - EXPERIENCED A SOLDIER. REFUSES.

43:43 - THE DEMAND. SO THE CONFEDERATES

43:48 - AGAIN SHOWING THAT OUT. THEY

43:51 - AN LIMBER THEIR GUNS PROBABLY

43:53 - ABOUT WHERE THE TACO BELL

43:56 - RESTAURANT NOW STANDS ARE ALL

43:58 - OPEN FIELDS IN THOSE STATES.

44:00 - THE THE LOOK TOWARD CREEK, MARK

44:02 - EASTERN LIMITS OF CARLISLE.

44:05 - AND THERE WAS VIRTUALLY NOTHING

44:07 - EAST OF THERE EXCEPT FOR THE

44:08 - CITY. GAS WORKS AND A

44:11 - LUMBERYARD OTHERWISE FARM FARM

44:13 - FIELDS OF A SMALL CANAL ALONG

44:17 - LOOK TOWARD CREEK.

44:23 - IT'S OUR COURSE. ARTILLERY

44:24 - DELIVERS. THEY'RE FACING WEST

44:27 - DOWN HIGH STREET.

44:29 - THE PHILADELPHIA MILITIA

44:31 - BATTERY AND MEMBERS HERE ON THE

44:33 - TOWN SQUARE WITH 2 GUNS FACING

44:36 - EASTWARD DOWN HIGH STREET, 2

44:38 - GUNS FACING NORTHWARD BACKUP

44:41 - HANDOVER STREET GENERAL YOU AND

44:43 - COMES BACK WITH THE 22ND NEW

44:46 - YORK NATIONAL GUARD AND THE 2

44:47 - GUNS WITH HIM BACK INTO TOWN.

44:50 - I SURMISE THAT HE PROBABLY

44:54 - OCCUPY THE RISE OF GROUND.

44:56 - THE CROSSES SOUTH HIGH STREET

44:59 - JUST BELOW.

45:01 - SOUTH STREET MILITARILY.

45:03 - IT'S A GOOD DEFENSIBLE CREST

45:05 - RIGHT ON THE BORDER OF TOWN AND

45:07 - THE OLD TOWN CEMETERY WITH ITS

45:09 - PRE EXISTING STONE WALLS ARE

45:11 - PROVIDED A READY MADE READOUT

45:14 - FOR ANCHORING THE SOUTHEASTERN

45:16 - SALIENT OF SMITH'S LIFE.

45:19 - A LOCAL HOME GUARD SPREAD OUT A

45:22 - SKIRMISH ERS ALONG EAST STREET

45:25 - AND THE MAIN FEDERAL FORCE WITH

45:27 - COLONEL BRISBANE ON THE LEFT,

45:29 - A GENERAL WITH HIS FOR

45:31 - PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENTS GENERAL

45:33 - SMITH IN THE CENTER WITH THE

45:35 - 37TH NEW YORK NATIONAL GUARD

45:37 - AND A BATTALION OF THE 12 NEW

45:39 - YORK NATIONAL GUARD WHICH HAD

45:41 - BEEN PURSE TUPPENCE TARIFFS GAP

45:43 - AND IT SEEMS SMITH ADVANCING

45:45 - WESTWARD IN THE COME DOWN AND

45:46 - JOIN THEM. THEY'RE HOLDING THE

45:48 - SENATE RIGHT ACROSS HIGH

45:49 - STREET. AND GENERAL U N IS DOWN

45:53 - ON THE SOUTH HANOVER STREET.

45:55 - WELL, HERE YOU HAVE THE FORCES

45:57 - DEPLOYED. ALL READY FOR BATTLE

46:01 - EXCEPT FOR ONE THING. NEITHER

46:04 - SIDE ONCE A BATTLE.

46:07 - STEWART DID NOT COME HERE TO

46:08 - FIGHT AS JD IS POINTED OUT SO

46:11 - WELL, THE CONFEDERATE TROOPERS

46:13 - WERE EXHAUSTED.

46:16 - THEY WERE HOPING TO FINALLY

46:18 - MAKE CONNECTION WITH YOU.

46:20 - WE DIDN'T WANT TO FIGHT ABOUT.

46:23 - THE THE FEDERALS IN TOWN EXCEPT

46:25 - FOR SMITH HIMSELF AND 2 OF HIS

46:26 - STAFF OFFICERS ARE COMPLETELY

46:29 - INEXPERIENCED. THEY WILL FIGHT

46:31 - IF THEY HAVE TO DEFEND THE

46:32 - TOWN.

46:33 - >>BUT THEY'RE NOT GOING GO OUT

46:35 - AND COUNTERATTACK AND TRY TO

46:38 - TAKE ON THE SOUTHERNERS.

46:41 - THE BATTLE BECOMES ESSENTIALLY

46:44 - SKIRMISHING AND SHOWING OF THE

46:46 - PILE. THE THE PHILADELPHIANS

46:48 - ACTUALLY SHOOT QUITE WELL.

46:50 - THEY ONLY FIRED 3 SHOTS BEFORE

46:52 - SMITH ORDERS THEM TO HOLD THEIR

46:54 - FIRE. BUT IT CAUSES THE JEB

46:56 - STUART HORSE ARTILLERY TO

46:58 - LIMBER UP.

47:00 - AND FALL BACK TO HIGH GROUND.

47:03 - NOW THERE'S A VERY CONSPICUOUS

47:06 - RIDGE ACROSS EAST HIGH STREET.

47:08 - I DO NOT THINK. BUT STEWART

47:11 - FELL BACK THAT FAR BECAUSE IF

47:14 - YOU HAD. HIS GUNS WOULD HAVE

47:16 - BEEN HARD PRESSED 2 HIT THE

47:20 - OLD COURTHOUSE HERE. THE FIRST

47:21 - PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ACROSS THE

47:23 - STREET YET TO THIS DAY, THOSE

47:25 - 2 BUILDINGS STILL BEAR

47:27 - HONORABLE BATTLE SCARS OF THE

47:29 - CONFEDERATE SHELLING AND SURELY

47:31 - FROM THAT FAR EAST, THE

47:33 - VIRGINIAS COULD NOT HAVE IT.

47:35 - THE TRAIN STATION, WHICH IS A

47:37 - BLOCK TO THE WEST OF US HERE OR

47:38 - DICKINSON COLLEGE, WHICH IS

47:40 - 2 BLOCKS TO THE WEST OR THE

47:42 - FREIGHT STATION, WHICH IS

47:44 - FURTHER WEST FROM DICKINSON.

47:46 - WE KNOW ALL OF THOSE AREAS WERE

47:48 - HIT SO IT CAN WHERE THE

47:50 - CONFEDERATES FELL BACK TO, I

47:52 - THINK WAS NEAR WHAT IS TODAY,

47:54 - THE CONCERT? PRESENT DAY

47:59 - BUILDINGS TOTALLY OBSCURE THE

48:01 - FIELD OF FIRE. BUT IF YOU LOOK

48:02 - AT THE TOP OF GRAPHICAL SURVEY

48:04 - MAP, YOU'LL SEE THERE'S HIGH

48:05 - GROUND JUST NORTH OF THE PIZZA

48:07 - HUT. AND IF YOU DRIVE UP THERE,

48:09 - SURELY THERE IS HIGH GROUND AND

48:11 - IT'S THE FROGS WHICH PLANTS

48:12 - WERE NOT IN THE ARTILLERY THERE

48:15 - WOULD HAVE HAD THE GOOD RANGE

48:17 - OF THE TOWN FOR THE THAT

48:21 - SETTING THE CONTEXT OF THE

48:22 - BATTLES YOU'VE DONE A LOT OF

48:24 - WORK ON THIS. I WAS GOING TO

48:25 - SAY THERE ARE THERE ARE SOME

48:26 - VERY INTERESTING STORIES THAT

48:27 - COME OUT JEB STUART'S DEMAND

48:30 - FOR CARLISLE TO SURRENDER TO.

48:32 - >>WHEN ITS LEASE ENDS THE FIRST

48:36 - REQUEST.

48:37 - HE DOES IT WITH HIS YOUNGER

48:39 - BROTHER, LIEUTENANT HENRY LEE.

48:41 - AND HENRY LEE COMES IN TO BALL

48:44 - THE SMITHS A NICKNAME THAT I

48:46 - CAN IDENTIFY WITH WHEN HE COMES

48:52 - INTO BALL DISMISS WITH A FLAG

48:55 - OF TRUCE. HE HAS HENRY LEAH HAS

48:58 - THIS LARGE ONE-THIRD BEDSHEET

49:00 - SIZED WHITE FLAG THAT HE COMES

49:02 - CARING AND WITH THIS

49:03 - SURRENDERED HIM AND HE COMES UP

49:05 - TO GENERAL SMITH AND INFORM

49:07 - SENDEJO STORE, WANTS HIM TO

49:09 - SURRENDER THE TOWN OR HE'S

49:11 - GOING TO BOMB AWAY AT IT WITH

49:12 - HIS ARTILLERY AND WHILE SMITH

49:14 - IS SITTING THERE TAKING ALL

49:16 - THIS IN ONE OF THE OLD LOCAL

49:19 - POLY MCGUIRE, I THINK OR OR OR

49:21 - SOMETHING LIKE THAT MCGINNIS,

49:23 - PAULA MCGINNIS. YES, WHO

49:25 - COOKING SOME FOOD AND MAKING

49:26 - SOME COFFEE FOR GENERAL SMITH

49:28 - AND HIS STAFF STARTS PUTTING

49:30 - HIM ON THE BACK AND SAYS DON'T

49:31 - DO IT, GENERAL, DON'T DO IT.

49:32 - DON'T SURRENDER. I DON'T

49:34 - SURRENDER. LET THEM DO WHATEVER

49:35 - THEY WANT TO THE TOWN. AS LONG

49:36 - AS ONE BRICK STANDS UP ON

49:37 - ANOTHER AND GENERAL SMITH.

49:39 - SO HE LOOKS AT PENN RELAYS

49:41 - STRAIGHT IN THE EYES AND SAYS,

49:43 - TIM, I QUOTE, AND SHOW AWAY AND

49:45 - BE DATE. AND THAT'S THE MESSAGE

49:47 - THAT HENRY LEE HAS TO TAKE BACK

49:50 - TO FIT SLAYING. OF COURSE, JEB

49:51 - STUART AND AS FOR SHELLING

49:53 - BEGINS WHICH, YOU KNOW, MAYBE

49:54 - LAST ABOUT A HALF HOUR TO 45

49:57 - MINUTES, THE SHOWING HERE,

49:59 - CARLISLE IS GOING TO BE A TOTAL

50:00 - OF SAY, DEPENDING ON THE

50:01 - REPORTS AND SO FORTH, MAYBE A

50:03 - TOTAL OF 3 AND A HALF HOURS,

50:05 - YOU KNOW, 4 HOURS WE'RE TALKING

50:06 - ABOUT 9, 10, 11 O'CLOCK IN IT,

50:08 - PERHAPS LASTING TOLL PROBABLY

50:10 - TO 30 OR 3 O'CLOCK IN THE

50:12 - MORNING. YOU KNOW, ALL TIMES

50:14 - BEING RELEVANT, BUT VERY

50:16 - SPORADIC. THAT'S ONE OF THE

50:18 - INTERESTING STORY IS ONE OF THE

50:19 - ONE OF THE QUOTES THAT COMES

50:21 - OUT OF IT WHEN A SECOND FLAG OF

50:23 - TRUCE DISSENT AND AFTER THIS

50:24 - INITIAL SHOWING APPARENTLY THE

50:27 - ONLY THE ONLY REMINISCENCE THAT

50:29 - WE HAVE OF WHAT'S MIS ANSWER

50:31 - WAS THAT IT WAS EVEN MORE

50:32 - COLORFUL THAN THE FIRST WHERE

50:33 - SOMEBODY WITH A RECORDED AT THE

50:35 - TIME BECAUSE I'M SURE IT WAS

50:36 - PROBABLY ONE FOR THE AGES.

50:38 - WE DON'T HAVE IT. BUT ANYWAY,

50:39 - SMITH AS DOCTOR SOMMER SAID,

50:41 - REFUSES AGAIN. THE SHELLING

50:44 - STARTS THERE'S DAMAGE TO

50:47 - SEVERAL BUILDINGS IN TOWN.

50:48 - OF COURSE, THE COURTHOUSE, AS

50:50 - THE DOCTOR SAID, AND SOME POINT

50:52 - DURING THIS SECOND SHOWING THE

50:54 - CARLISLE BARRACKS IS FIRED.

50:56 - A LOT OF WOODEN BUILDINGS

50:58 - THERE. AND BETWEEN THAT AND THE

51:00 - LOCAL GAS WORKS THAT ARE ALSO

51:02 - WENT ON FIRE BY JEB STUART'S

51:04 - MEN. THIS WAS A A LITTLE

51:06 - INFERNO THAT PEOPLE COULD SEE

51:08 - FOR MILES AROUND. IN FACT, ONE

51:10 - OF THE MESSENGERS, THE JEB

51:12 - STUART SENDS OUT TO TRY TO FIND

51:13 - ROBERT E LEE IN THE CONFEDERATE

51:14 - ARMY WHEN THEY EVENTUALLY DO

51:16 - COME BACK WITH WORD FROM ROBERT

51:18 - E LEE THAT A BATTLE IS UNDER

51:19 - WAY AT GETTYSBURG AND TO GET

51:21 - THERE WITH ALL HASTE. THEY

51:22 - ACTUALLY USE THE FIRES THAT

51:23 - THEY CAN SEE HERE FOR THE LAST

51:25 - SEVERAL MILES IS BASICALLY A

51:26 - BEACON TO FIND OUT. WE'RE JUST

51:28 - STUDENTS AND I'D LIKE TO.

51:31 - >>BUILD ON WHAT YOU SOW.

51:33 - WELL POINTED OUT, JD ABOUT

51:35 - CARLISLE BARRACKS THAT STEWART

51:37 - IS SHOWING THAT OUT. HE IS NOT

51:39 - SHOWING THE POST CARLISLE

51:42 - BARRACKS IS OUTSIDE SMITH'S

51:44 - DEFENSE PERIMETER SMITH IS

51:46 - DEFENDING ONLY THE TOWN ITSELF.

51:51 - CARLISLE BARRACKS. IN THOSE

51:53 - DAYS WAS APPROACHABLE ON EAST

51:56 - LOW FOR STREET. NORTH STREET

51:58 - DID NOT EXTEND EAST OF LA PORTE

52:00 - CREEK AND THEN ONE WOULD GO

52:02 - UP GARRISON LANE. AND EVEN

52:03 - TODAY YOU CAN SEE A STREET IN

52:05 - TOWN CALLED GHERASIM LANE,

52:07 - WHICH WAS THE MAIN ENTRANCE TO

52:09 - CARLISLE BARRACKS THROUGHOUT

52:12 - THE CAVALRY SCHOOL PERIOD.

52:14 - SMITH HAD PARKED HIS WAGON AT

52:17 - CARLISLE BARRACKS AND THERE

52:19 - WERE A TEAMSTERS IN WAGGA NEARS

52:22 - STILL WITH THE WAGONS. BUT

52:24 - THERE WAS NO DEFENSE FORCE

52:26 - THERE CAPTAIN HASTINGS HAD

52:29 - ABANDONED THE POST THE 25TH

52:34 - OF OF JUNE WHEN IPAD OF FALLEN

52:37 - BACK BEFORE EWELLS ADVANCED

52:41 - SO SAYS STEWART IS AT

52:44 - APPROXIMATELY WHERE THE TACO

52:45 - BELL IS TODAY FACING WESTWARD.

52:48 - HE EXTENDS HIS RIGHT FLANK,

52:50 - THE FORTH BRIDGE IN YOUR COWBOY

52:52 - UNDER CROW WILLIAMS, WICCA

52:54 - NORTHWARD.

52:55 - AND OCCUPIES CARLISLE BARRACKS

52:58 - WITHOUT RESISTANCE.

53:01 - HE CAPTURES THE FEW WAGON EARS

53:03 - WHO WERE THERE?

53:05 - HE BURNS THE WAGONS. THERE ARE

53:07 - 11 BUILDINGS ON POST.

53:11 - 2 OFFICERS QUARTERS TOO AND

53:14 - LISTED QUARTERS RECRUITS

53:15 - QUARTERS. THE COMMON OUTSCORES,

53:17 - THE AGENCE QUARTERS. THE GUARD

53:19 - HOUSE AND SOME SUPPLY BUILD IT.

53:23 - THE STONE GUARD HOUSE WHICH HAD

53:25 - BEEN CONSTRUCTED DURING THE

53:26 - REVOLUTIONARY WAR IS TOO

53:27 - DIFFICULT TO DESTROY. SO HE

53:30 - LEAVES THAT IT REMAIN STANDING

53:31 - TO THIS DAY AS THE POST A

53:34 - MUSEUM FOR CARLISLE BARRACKS.

53:38 - IT'S REALLY WAS A FRIEND OF THE

53:40 - POST EDGE OF THAT KIND OF

53:41 - PROMISE MCGREGOR. SO HE SPARES

53:43 - THE AGENCE QUARTERS. FOR SOME

53:46 - REASON NOT READILY APPARENT.

53:47 - HE SPARES THE TO SUPPLY

53:49 - BUILDINGS. HE BURNS THE COMMON

53:51 - DOWNS QUARTERS. THE OFFICERS

53:53 - ENLISTED QUARTERS AND THE

53:55 - STABLES. THIS IS NOT AN ACT

53:57 - OF VANDALISM. THIS IS A

53:59 - LEGITIMATE ACT OF WAR AGAINST

54:01 - AN ENEMY MILITARY INSTALLATION.

54:04 - THE UNITED STATES AND THE

54:06 - CONFEDERATE STATES WORLD WAR

54:07 - CARLISLE BARRACKS WAS THE U.S.

54:09 - ARMY POST AND SO STUART IS

54:12 - DESTROYING AN ENEMY

54:15 - INSTALLATION. SOME OF THE RUINS

54:19 - OF THE OFFICERS

54:23 - WE'RE SALVAGE THE BRICK WALLS

54:25 - WHEN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE

54:27 - POST BEGAN LATER IN 18. 63.

54:30 - BUT THEY WERE THEMSELVES

54:31 - DESTROYED AND ANOTHER FIRE IN

54:34 - THE 1920'S.

54:36 - >>AND ON THEIR SITE TODAY, STAY

54:39 - AND THE HISTORIC A TENNIS

54:41 - COURTS.

54:44 - THE OTHER OFFICERS QUARTER ON

54:45 - POST THAT WAS REBUILT. THE

54:47 - BUILDING CURRENTLY THERE TODAY.

54:49 - THE COURT APARTMENTS IS VERY

54:51 - SIMILAR. HOW THE OFFICERS

54:52 - QUARTERS WOULD HAVE APPEARED

54:54 - IN IN 18. 63.

54:57 - >>IF THERE'S ONE TAKEAWAY FROM

54:58 - THIS BATTLE WITH ALL THE

55:01 - BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR, WHAT

55:02 - WOULD YOU SAY IS THE MOST VITAL

55:04 - COMPONENT OF THE BATTLE

55:06 - CARLISLE IN THE BIG PICTURE,

55:08 - THIS FIGHT ALL THE HARDSHIP AND

55:10 - THE ORDEAL. THE SOLDIERS STILL

55:13 - 2, THEY DUTY. THEY STILL TRY

55:15 - TO GAIN SOME THING OUT OF IT

55:18 - TO TRY TO 2 OVERALL THE TOWN

55:21 - INTO SURRENDERING. AND YET THE

55:23 - DEFENDERS OF THE TOWN IN

55:24 - EXPERIENCE, THOUGH THEY ARE.

55:27 - ARE WILLING TO FIGHT BACK.

55:30 - TO PROTECT WHAT IS IMPORTANT

55:32 - TO THEM. IT UNDERSCORES THE

55:34 - HUMANITY OF WAR. A LOT OF

55:37 - STURRIDGE TROOPERS WERE

55:39 - SLEEPING DURING THE

55:40 - BOMBARDMENT. IT WAS SO IT WAS

55:43 - SO EXHAUSTING AND YET THEY HAD.

55:47 - TRAVELED ALL THE WAY TO

55:49 - CARLISLE HAD DONE THEIR DUTY

55:51 - HERE. THEY WOULD WRITE BACK

55:53 - SOUTH THROUGH BOILING SPRINGS

55:56 - AND THE OLD YORK ROAD AND DOWN

55:59 - HOLLY PIKE AND ON DOWN THROUGH

56:02 - YORK SPRINGS AS WE CALL IT

56:03 - TODAY. GETTYSBURG AND WOULD

56:06 - FIGHT. THEY'RE VERY HARD.

56:07 - BUT ON JULY 3RD.

56:10 - AS THE BATTLE OF CARLISLE

56:12 - CHANGE THE COURSE OF THE CIVIL

56:14 - WAR KNOW IS THE BATTLE OF

56:16 - CARLISLE CHANGE THE COURSE OF

56:17 - THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN.

56:19 - NOT REALLY.

56:20 - DOES THE BATTLE OF CARLISLE

56:22 - SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE OF HEROISM,

56:25 - COURAGE? 42 DETERMINATION IN

56:29 - THE FACE OF ADVERSITY. YES,

56:32 - AND THUS IT UNDERSCORES THE

56:34 - HUMANITY OF THE MILITARY

56:37 - EXPERIENCE AS A HANDSOME

56:39 - MONUMENT RIGHT BEHIND ME.

56:41 - GETTYSBURG IS FULL OF STATUES

56:44 - AND MARBLE AND BRONZE. BUT IT'S

56:48 - IN IN MARBLE AND BRONZE.

56:49 - IT'S REAL LIFE MEN IN FLESH

56:51 - AND BLOOD THAT FIGHT IN WAR AND

56:54 - SOME IT FROM PENNSYLVANIA FROM

56:57 - NEW YORK, FROM VIRGINIA.

56:59 - WE'RE FIGHTING RIGHT HERE IN

57:01 - THE BATTLE OF CARLISLE ON JULY.

57:03 - FIRST, 18 63.

57:05 - >>IT'S UNBELIEVABLE. ONLY THING

57:07 - TODAY IF WE GOT TO GO A MILE TO

57:08 - THE STORE, WE HOP IN THE CAR

57:11 - WITH THESE FELLAS HAD TO DO AND

57:12 - TRYING TO GET SLEEP. YOU KNOW,

57:13 - WHENEVER THEY COULD IS JUST

57:14 - UNBELIEVABLE. CARLISLE IS KIND

57:16 - OF THE CAP ON IT BEFORE WE GET

57:19 - TO THE MAIN GETTYSBURG

57:20 - BATTLEFIELD. SO THERE I THINK

57:22 - IT HAS A VERY SPECIAL PLACE.

57:23 - I'M SHOWING SORT OF THE

57:24 - PINNACLE OF THAT FRUSTRATION OF

57:26 - JEB STUART'S. 10 DAY RIGHT.

57:28 - AND THEN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN HE

57:29 - FINALLY GETS TO GET IT?

57:31 - >>ON THAT NOTE, I'D LIKE TO

57:32 - THANK MY GUESTS FOR JOINING

57:33 - US TODAY. AS ALWAYS, IF YOU

57:35 - HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT TODAY'S

57:36 - EPISODE OR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR

57:38 - FUTURE EPISODES, PLEASE VISIT

57:40 - OUR WEBSITE AT PCN TV DOT COM

57:43 - FOR EVERYBODY HERE. BATTLEFIELD

57:44 - PENNSYLVANIA. I'M BRADY CRITES

57:46 - ARE SAYING SO LONG.