00:27 - > HELLO, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.

00:29 - WELCOME TO BATTLEFIELD

00:31 - PENNSYLVANIA.

00:32 - TODAY WE´RE ON LOCATION AT

00:33 - FORT MIFFLIN IN PHILADELPHIA.

00:35 - IN 1777, THE ONLY THING KEEPING

00:38 - THE BRITISH ARMY FROM FULLY

00:40 - OCCUPYING PHILADELPHIA

00:41 - WAS FORT MIFFLIN.

00:42 - FOR THAT REASON, THE BRITISH

00:44 - INSTITUTED THE LARGEST SIEGE OF

00:45 - THE ENTIRE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

00:49 - ALTHOUGH THE MEN WOULD

00:50 - SURRENDER, THEY HELD OUT LONG

00:51 - ENOUGH TO ALLOW GEORGE

00:53 - WASHINGTON AND HIS ARMY TO

00:55 - ESCAPE TO VALLEY FORGE AND

00:57 - KEEP THE REVOLUTION ALIVE.

00:59 - JOINING ME TOLD TO DISCUSS THE

01:01 - SIEGE OF FORT MIFFLIN IS BETH

01:03 - BEADY, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF

01:05 - FORT MIFFLIN ON THE DELAWARE

01:07 - AND AUTHOR TIM McGRATH.

01:08 - THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE.

01:10 - DELIGHTED.

01:12 - TELL US HOW YOU BECAME

01:13 - INVOLVED WITH FORT MIFFLIN.

01:15 - MY ACADEMIC DEGREE IS A

01:16 - BUSINESS DEGREE FROM LEHIGH.

01:18 - THAT WAS MY EARLY CAREER

01:20 - ACTUALLY IN PUBLIC ACCOUNTING.

01:21 - AFTER HAVING MY CHILDREN, I GOT

01:23 - INVOLVED IN THE LOCAL HISTORIC

01:25 - SITE, IRONICALLY, A QUAKER

01:27 - FARMHOUSE AND WORKED THROUGH

01:28 - THE EDUCATION PROGRAM INTO THE

01:29 - OFFICE AND FOUND MYSELF HERE

01:32 - NOT QUITE FIVE YEARS AGO.

01:35 - I ACTUALLY CAME TO FORT MIFFLIN

01:38 - AS A KID, AS A VISITOR.

01:40 - REPEAT VISITS.

01:40 - WAS ASKED TO JOIN THE BOARD A

01:42 - FEW YEARS AGO AND HAD A

01:44 - STINT ON THE BOARD HERE.

01:46 - BUT ALSO AS A HISTORY MAJOR AND

01:48 - GETTING INVOLVED IN WORKING ON

01:51 - BOOKS ON THE CONTINENTAL NAVY,

01:52 - THE RESEARCH AND DIGGING INTO

01:54 - THIS PLACE WAS FASCINATING.

01:57 - LET´S TALK ABOUT THE LOCATION.

01:59 - WHAT KIND OF PLACE WAS

02:00 - PHILADELPHIA IN THE 18th.

02:02 - CENTURY?

02:02 - IT WAS THE SECOND LARGEST

02:04 - ENGLISH SPEAKING CITY IN THE

02:07 - WORLD.

02:07 - AND WAS THE BUSIEST PORT IN ALL

02:10 - OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

02:12 - JUST A REMARKABLE PLACE.

02:16 - ITS EXPORTS WERE THE

02:18 - ENVY OF THE WORLD.

02:19 - IRON ORE BROUGHT DOWN THE

02:21 - DELAWARE ON THE DURHAM BOATS

02:24 - THAT LATER BROUGHT WASHINGTON´S

02:26 - TROOPS ACROSS THE DELAWARE TO

02:28 - FIGHT THE BATTLE OF TRENTON.

02:30 - FURNITURE THAT WAS BUILT IN

02:32 - PHILADELPHIA WAS IN DEMAND

02:34 - EVERYWHERE.

02:36 - THE USUAL GOODS.

02:39 - THE RIVER WAS ONE OF THE MAIN

02:40 - ARTERIES OF BUSINESS IN THE

02:41 - WORLD.

02:42 - HAD A POPULATION

02:44 - OF ABOUT 30,000.

02:46 - WHICH MADE IT THE BIGGEST CITY

02:48 - IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

02:51 - JUST REMARKABLE CULTURAL PLACE.

02:53 - THERE WERE CHURCHES OF ALL

02:55 - DENOMINATIONS, A COUPLE OF

02:57 - SYNAGOGUES.

02:58 - THANKS TO BEN FRANKLIN, THERE

02:59 - WERE A COUPLE OF CULTURAL

03:01 - MECCAS THEMSELVES.

03:03 - THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL

03:05 - SOCIETY AND HE ALSO FOUNDED

03:08 - PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL WHERE JOHN

03:09 - ADAMS WHERE HE VISITED FOUND A

03:14 - CLIENT OF HIS IN THE LUNATIC

03:18 - WARD OF THE HOSPITAL.

03:20 - IT WAS THE ENVY OF THE COLONIES.

03:24 - IT WAS THAT GREAT A CITY.

03:25 - PHILADELPHIA, A MAJOR CITY.

03:26 - BUT THERE AREN´T ANY FORTS TO

03:28 - DEFEND AND IT NO ARMIES

03:29 - PARADING AROUND IT.

03:30 - WHY NOT?

03:31 - PHILADELPHIA WAS

03:32 - FOUNDED BY QUAKERS.

03:33 - A LOT OF THAT QUAKER PHILOSOPHY

03:34 - AND THE QUAKER VALUES TO THIS

03:37 - DAY STILL INFORM THE

03:38 - CULTURE IN THE CITY.

03:39 - IT WASN´T UNTIL THE EARLY 1770s.

03:41 - THAT THE BRITISH RECOGNIZED THE

03:43 - NEED FOR SOME DEFENSIVE NECK

03:45 - NICHES ON THE DELAWARE RIVER.

03:47 - THEY SELECTED MUD ISLAND AS A

03:49 - GOOD PLACE TO BUILD A FORT.

03:51 - YOU CAN IMAGINE MUD ISLAND IS

03:54 - NOT A GREAT PLACE TO BUILD

03:58 - MUCH OF ANYTHING, LET ALONE A

04:02 - MILL TEAR MILITARY

04:04 - FORTY IF I INDICATION.

04:07 - THE BRITISH SENT AN ENGINEER.

04:09 - HE DESIGNED FORT MIFFLIN.

04:13 - HE DID NOT STAY LONG

04:14 - ENOUGH FOR ITS COMPLETION.

04:16 - BUT BASICALLY, THE GROUNDWORK

04:20 - FOR THE FORT WAS CAPTAIN

04:24 - MONTRESSOR´S STORY.

04:25 - HE WAS THE BRITISH CHIEF

04:26 - ENGINEER IN AMERICA DURING THE

04:28 - EARLY 1770s.

04:29 - HIS FAMILY HISTORY IS FRENCH.

04:33 - YOU WILL FIND THE INFLUENCE OF

04:35 - MANY FRENCH ENGINEERS HERE.

04:36 - IT´S ONE OF THE THEMES WE

04:39 - USE TO TELL THE STORY.

04:41 - HE WAS GIVEN A LIMITED BUDGET

04:43 - AND TOLD TO BUILD THIS ON MUDDY

04:45 - ISLAND IN THE DELAWARE RIVER.

04:47 - EARLY MAPS NOTE IT WAS

04:49 - MOSTLY DROWNED AT HIGH TIDE.

04:51 - HE WAS GIVEN THIS GRAND

04:53 - TASK AND A LIMITED BUDGET.

04:55 - THIS IS ALSO A THEME THAT YOU

04:57 - WILL SEE REPEATED AT THE FORT

04:58 - OVER THE YEARS.

04:59 - HE DEPARTED ON JULY 4, 1772,

05:01 - RETURNING TO ENGLAND, LEAVING

05:04 - THE WEST WALL OF THE

05:05 - FORT UNFINISHED.

05:06 - HE WAS ULTIMATELY CALLED UPON

05:08 - AGAIN BY THE BRITISH AFTER THE

05:10 - FORT WAS HOLDING OUT UNDER SIEGE

05:12 - FOR SO LONG, FAR LONGER

05:14 - THAN ANYONE ANTICIPATED.

05:16 - HE IS THE AUTHOR OF HER

05:18 - ULTIMATE DESTRUCTION.

05:20 - IT WAS HIS SUGGESTION TO IS SAIL

05:21 - THE VESSELS UP THE BACK

05:23 - CHANNEL AND BOMBARD THE FORT.

05:26 - I WOULD LIKE TO TALK

05:26 - ABOUT THE QUAKER ASPECT.

05:28 - HOW MUCH DID QUAKERISM DOMINATE

05:29 - THE POLITICS OF PENNSYLVANIA?

05:31 - PENNSYLVANIA WAS FOUNDED

05:33 - BY WILLIAM PENN, A QUAKER.

05:35 - IT WAS ONE OF THE EARLIEST

05:38 - PLACES OF ACTUAL RELIGIOUS

05:40 - FREEDOM, NOT FOR THE FOUNDING

05:42 - PEOPLE BUT RELIGIOUS

05:43 - FREEDOM FOR ALL RESIDENTS.

05:45 - THE QUAKERS ARE VERY

05:47 - SUPPORTIVE OF EDUCATION.

05:49 - THEY ARE NOT

05:51 - SUPPORTIVE OF WARFARE.

05:54 - YOU WILL FIND THE QUAKER TENANTS

05:56 - TODAY EVEN IN PHILADELPHIA.

05:58 - IT WASN´T A CITY THAT WAS

06:00 - PARTICULARLY INITIALLY CONCERNED

06:02 - WITH DEFENSE.

06:02 - TIM, IF YOU WEREN´T A QUAKER

06:04 - AND YOU DIDN´T AGREE WITH THE

06:06 - PRINCIPALS, HOW WOULD YOU

06:08 - FEEL ABOUT THE CITY BEING

06:09 - DEFENSELESS?

06:09 - I DON´T KNOW IF IT WAS THAT MUCH

06:11 - OF AN ISSUE BEFORE THE WAR.

06:13 - THERE ARE GREAT STORIES BACK AND

06:15 - FORTH BECAUSE THERE WERE AS

06:17 - A PORT THERE WAS CONSTANTLY

06:19 - WORRIED ABOUT PIRATES.

06:21 - THERE WERE JUST... THEY WERE

06:22 - DOWN THE RIVER IN THE BAY FROM

06:23 - TIME TO TIME.

06:25 - BY THE TIME THAT THE WAR BEGAN,

06:28 - THE CITY MORE THAN WANTED TO GET

06:31 - ITSELF READY FOR THE INVASION

06:33 - THEY WERE SURE TO COME.

06:35 - BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ARRIVED MAY 6

06:37 - FROM ENGLAND AFTER SUFFERING THE

06:40 - EMBARRASSMENT IN THE COCKPIT OF

06:42 - PARLIAMENT BEING CALLED OUT ON

06:45 - ALL OF THE AMERICAN SUBVERSIONS

06:47 - GOING ON THAT HE WAS INDIRECTLY

06:48 - OR DIRECTLY PLAYING A HAND IN.

06:50 - ONCE HE GOT BACK IN, HE WAS

06:52 - INSTRUMENTAL IN SETTING UP THE

06:54 - DEFENSES FOR THE DELAWARE.

06:56 - HE GETS CREDIT FOR SOME

06:57 - THINGS HE SHOULDN´T.

06:58 - SOME OF HIS IDEAS WERE NOVEL.

07:01 - THEY INCLUDED OBVIOUSLY

07:02 - FINISHING THIS FORT.

07:04 - THEY BEGAN FORT... THE

07:07 - CONSTRUCTION OF FORT MERCER

07:10 - ACROSS THE RIVER IN NEW JERSEY.

07:12 - THEY SET UP A LINE THROUGHOUT

07:15 - THE RIVER OF THESE

07:17 - INTERCONNECTING 30 TO 40 FOOT

07:20 - WOODEN SPIKES WITH STEEL TIPS

07:23 - THAT´S RIGHT LAID THROUGHOUT THE

07:26 - RIVER AND COULD WREAK HAVOC ON A

07:29 - SHIP THAT DIDN´T KNOW

07:30 - WHERE THEY WERE.

07:31 - THE DELAWARE PILOTS WERE FIRST

07:33 - TOLD, YOU ARE OUT OF BUSINESS.

07:35 - QUITE A FEW OF THEM UNDER

07:38 - REMARKABLE HERO OF THE

07:41 - REVOLUTION WAS HENRY FISHER WAS

07:43 - LIKE WE ARE AT PATRIOTIC

07:45 - AS THE REST OF YOU.

07:46 - LET US HELP.

07:47 - THEY PICKED A DOZEN PILOTS THAT

07:48 - WERE IN CHARGE OF MAKING

07:51 - SURE THAT SAFELY GOT

07:53 - UP THE DELAWARE.

07:55 - FRANKLIN WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN

07:57 - HELPING WITH TWO OTHER FACETS

07:59 - OF COMMUNICATIONS THAT WERE

08:00 - DESIGNED TO MAKE SURE THAT

08:01 - PHILADELPHIA LEARNED THAT THERE

08:03 - WERE ENEMY BRITISH WARSHIPS

08:04 - IN THE DELAWARE BAY.

08:06 - THE FIRST WAS A RELAY SYSTEM

08:08 - OF RIDERS SIMILAR TO THE PONY

08:11 - EXPRESS OF 1860.

08:13 - THAT WOULD RIDE UP THE DELAWARE,

08:14 - STOP EVERY TEN MILES FOR HORSES

08:16 - AND GET TO PHILADELPHIA TO LET

08:18 - THEM KNOW THE SIZE OF THE SHIPS.

08:21 - BECAUSE THERE WAS SUCH A STRONG

08:22 - LOYALIST FACTION IN THIS AREA,

08:25 - SOMETIMES THESE RIDERS WERE

08:27 - CAPTURED.

08:27 - THEY CAME UP WITH ANOTHER DEVICE

08:32 - OF SMALL CANNNONS FIRED

08:34 - UP THE DELAWARE.

08:35 - CITY KNEW THERE WERE

08:36 - ENEMY SHIPS PRESENT.

08:37 - WE USE SOME OF THESE

08:39 - SMALL CANNONS TODAY.

08:40 - MODERN VERSIONS OF THEM.

08:42 - THEY´RE SIGNAL CANNONS.

08:43 - THEY´RE NOT INTIMIDATING TO LOOK

08:45 - AT BUT THEY MAKE A

08:46 - SATISFYING BOOM.

08:46 - WHEN THE SCHOOL KIDS ARE

08:48 - HERE, WE TALK ABOUT THEM.

08:49 - THIS IS THE EARLIEST

08:50 - TEXT MESSAGE.

08:51 - YOU COULD HEAR THIS

08:53 - COMING UP THE RIVER.

08:54 - IT TOLD YOU SOMETHING IS COMING.

08:55 - YOU DIDN´T KNOW DETAILS,

08:57 - BUT IT PUT YOU ON ALERT.

08:58 - YOU HAVEN´T PAINTED A VERY

09:00 - PLEASANT PICTURE OF THIS SITE

09:02 - BEFORE THE FORT.

09:03 - WHY WAS IT SELECTED

09:05 - FOR THIS LOCATION?

09:06 - MUD ISLAND, IT´S A MUDDY

09:08 - ISLAND, MOSTLY DROWNED AT HIGH

09:10 - TIDE.

09:10 - NOT AN IDEAL PLACE TO

09:12 - CONSTRUCT ANYTHING.

09:12 - IT SITS AT A GREAT

09:13 - LOCATION IN THE RIVER.

09:15 - WE ARE JUST SOUTH OF WHERE THE

09:17 - SCHUYLKILL EMPTIES INTO THE

09:19 - DELAWARE.

09:19 - AS THE SCHUYLKILL EMPTIES IN,

09:23 - THE DELAWARE RIVER HANGS A LEFT

09:25 - HEADING TOWARD CENTER CITY.

09:26 - THE RIVER IS NARROW, SHALLOW.

09:29 - THIS ACTUALLY STRATEGICALLY IS

09:31 - A GREAT LOCATION FOR A FORT.

09:33 - IT´S JUST A CHALLENGE

09:35 - TO GET IT CONSTRUCTED.

09:37 - FORT MIFFLIN WHEN YOU LOOK AT

09:39 - IT FROM ABOVE HAS A DISTINCT

09:41 - SHAPE.

09:41 - IT´S FRENCH.

09:42 - CAN WE TALK ABOUT WHY THAT

09:45 - SHAPE IS SO EFFECTIVE?

09:47 - IT´S A STAR FORT, WHICH IS

09:49 - WHAT YOU SEE ON MOST RIVERS.

09:52 - ONE OF THE INTEREST THINGS ABOUT

09:57 - FORT MIFFLIN´S STORY IS IT

10:02 - TRANSCENDS THE WAR.

10:03 - THE STAR SHAPE WAS CREATED

10:05 - BY A FRENCH ENGINEER.

10:07 - YOU WILL HEAR FRENCH CONNECTED

10:09 - WITH THE FORT OVER AND OVER

10:11 - AGAIN.

10:11 - IT´S A DEFENSIVE

10:12 - ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUE.

10:13 - IF YOU BREACH ONE SIDE, YOU

10:15 - DON´T HAVE A GREAT GAPING

10:18 - OPENING IN THE WALL.

10:19 - IT´S MORE DIFFICULT TO GET INTO

10:21 - A STAR-SHAPED FORT THAN ONE

10:24 - SQUARE.

10:24 - ACROSS THE RIVER FROM US NOW IS

10:26 - THE REMNANTS OF FORT MERCER.

10:29 - YOU HAVE TWO FORTS ON

10:30 - OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE RIVER.

10:32 - FORT MERCER WAS BUILT

10:34 - AFTER FORT MIFFLIN.

10:36 - WAS DESIGNED TO HELP BOLSTER THE

10:39 - DEFENSE OF THE DELAWARE

10:40 - FOR ANY COMING INVASION.

10:42 - IT WAS COMPLETED BUT ACTUALLY

10:44 - WHEN THE SIEGE BEGAN, THEY

10:46 - PRETTY MUCH SHRUNK THE FORT IN

10:48 - SIZE DEFENSE-WISE, THE

10:49 - SIZE OF A READOUT.

10:51 - JUST A SMALLER SYSTEM

10:53 - OF DEFENSE OVER THERE.

10:54 - IT WAS VERY HELPFUL IN MAKING

10:56 - SURE THAT THE BRITISH NAVY

10:58 - DIDN´T TRY TO GET UP

10:59 - ALONG THE JERSEY SIDE.

11:00 - THE SAD THING ABOUT ALL OF THIS

11:03 - AS BETH POINTED OUT EARLIER

11:04 - IS THAT WE DIDN´T HAVE ANY

11:06 - SIGNIFICANT LAND DEFENSE ON

11:08 - THE PENNSYLVANIA SHORELINE.

11:09 - THAT ALLOWED THE BRITISH SHIPS

11:12 - TO GET UP THROUGH THAT WAY

11:13 - WHICH LED TO THE COMING SIEGE.

11:15 - THE BACKDROP OF FORT MIFFLIN

11:16 - AND ITS CONSTRUCTION IS THE

11:18 - AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

11:19 - IT´S NOT AS POSITIVE AS WE

11:20 - THINK ABOUT FROM THE END.

11:21 - COULD WE TALK ABOUT BRIEFLY WHAT

11:23 - THE WAR HAS BEEN LIKE

11:24 - UP TO THIS POINT?

11:25 - THE WAR HAS BEEN KIND OF A

11:27 - SEE SAWING BACK AND FORTH ON

11:29 - BOTH SIDES.

11:30 - FOR THE EARLY SUCCESSES IN NEW

11:32 - ENGLAND, THE SIEGE OF BOSTON

11:34 - AFTER LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, THE

11:37 - DEFEAT AT BUNKER HILL WHICH

11:41 - SHOWED THE BRITISH THE REBELLION

11:44 - AND TAKING THE FOR THE TIE

11:47 - CONGRESS ROW GA.

11:47 - THEY WERE FOLLOWED BY A

11:49 - DISASTROUS CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK

11:51 - WHERE GENERAL WASHINGTON WAS

11:53 - COMPLETELY OUTMANEUVERED BY THE

11:54 - BRITISH ARMY.

11:59 - WASHINGTON IS FORCED AFTERWARDS

12:01 - TO RETREAT DOWN TO PHILADELPHIA.

12:04 - ONCE WASHINGTON AND HIS ARMY,

12:06 - WHICH BY NOW IS DOWN TO 2,000 OR

12:08 - 3,000 MEN, CROSS THE DELAWARE

12:10 - TO PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA

12:11 - REALLY SPRINGS INTO ACTION.

12:13 - THE MILITIAS VOLUNTEER

12:16 - TO COME ALONG.

12:18 - THERE´S NAVAL SAILORS FROM THE

12:19 - PENNSYLVANIA NAVY AND THE

12:21 - CONTINENTAL NAVY WHO VOLUNTEER

12:22 - TO MARCH WITH WASHINGTON WHEN HE

12:26 - GOES UP FURTHER UP TO WHAT´S

12:28 - WASHINGTON´S CROSSING AND THEN

12:30 - BEGINS TO TRENTON AND PRINCETON.

12:33 - WE´RE DOING OKAY.

12:36 - THE NAVAL WAR, WE´RE HAVING

12:38 - SOME SUCCESSES WITH THE SMALL

12:40 - CONTINENTAL NAVY.

12:42 - BUT BY SEPTEMBER, LATE SUMMER OF

12:45 - ´77 WHEN IT´S CLEAR THE HOWE

12:47 - BROTHERS ARE COMING HERE TO

12:49 - FIGHT, WASHINGTON VERY... LIKE A

12:50 - PUBLIC RELATIONS MOVE, MARCHES

12:52 - HIS ARMY THROUGH PHILADELPHIA.

12:54 - THE SOLDIERS ARE CARRYING SPRIGS

12:57 - OF EVERGREEN AS A SIGN THAT

13:00 - WE´RE GOING TO BE OKAY.

13:02 - WASHINGTON IS OUT GENERALED NOT

13:03 - TOO FAR FROM HERE AT THE

13:05 - BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE.

13:07 - THAT FORCES HIM TO RETREAT

13:09 - BACK TOWARDS PHILADELPHIA.

13:11 - CONGRESS, WHICH IS BASED IN

13:13 - PHILADELPHIA, FLEES THE CITY

13:16 - LIKE PART RIDGES ACCORDING TO

13:18 - JOHN ADAMS AND HEADS TO YORK.

13:21 - WASHINGTON FIGHTS ANOTHER BATTLE

13:24 - IN EARLY OCTOBER IN GERMANTOWN,

13:26 - WHICH WAS NOT PHILADELPHIA THEN,

13:28 - IN AN EFFORT TO DELAY AND CAUSE

13:32 - CONSTERNATION AMONG THE BRITISH.

13:33 - THE BATTLE GOES WELL UNTIL THE

13:36 - VERY END WHEN THE MANSION IS

13:40 - DEFENDED UNTIL THE

13:42 - BRITISH CAN WIN.

13:44 - THINGS ARE NOT GOING

13:45 - WELL BY THIS TIME.

13:46 - WE HAVE ABANDONED PHILADELPHIA.

13:49 - GENERAL HOWE SENDS GENERAL

13:51 - CORNWALLACE INTO PHILADELPHIA TO

13:54 - MARCH THROUGH WITH 3,000

13:55 - SOLDIERS.

13:57 - ONE YOUNG MAN AT THE TIME WRITES

14:00 - AS AN OLD MAN LATER HOW THE

14:02 - MARCH THROUGH THE CITY IS

14:04 - GREETED BY THE LOYALISTS, THE

14:05 - PATRIOTS HAVE LEFT OR ARE

14:07 - IN THE PROCESS OF LEAVING.

14:09 - HE TALKS ABOUT THE DRUMS JUST

14:12 - PLUNDER, PLUNDER, PLUNDER, BUT

14:15 - HOW NICE THE GERMAN

14:16 - SPEAKING SOLDIERS WERE.

14:18 - HOW ARE YOU?

14:18 - SHAKING HANDS AND TRYING TO

14:19 - MAKE A GOOD PUBLIC RELATIONS

14:20 - APPEARANCE WITH EVERYTHING.

14:23 - IT´S NOT GOING ALL THAT WELL

14:26 - BY THE TIME THE SIEGE BEGINS.

14:29 - WASHINGTON ORDERS THE GARRISON

14:30 - HERE AS HE IS LOOKING

14:31 - TO TRY TO MAKE WINTER

14:33 - QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE.

14:35 - HE TELLS THE GARRISON HERE TO

14:37 - HOLD TO THE LAST EXTREMITY.

14:40 - THE GARRISON REALLY

14:41 - TAKES THAT TO HEART.

14:43 - DESPITE BEING GROSSLY OUT

14:44 - NUMBERED DEFEND THE FORT VERY

14:46 - FIERCELY.

14:48 - THE BRITISH FULLY OCCUPY

14:50 - THE COLONIAL CAPITAL.

14:51 - IT´S NOT LOOKING GOOD.

14:53 - FORT MIFFLIN REMAINS

14:54 - IN PATRIOT HANDS.

14:55 - WHY WAS THAT SO IMPORTANT?

14:57 - WELL, BRITISH WERE

14:58 - WAITING FOR RESUPPLIES.

15:00 - FRESH TROOPS AND SUPPLIES.

15:02 - THEY´RE SENDING 250 WAR

15:03 - SHIPS UP THE DELAWARE.

15:05 - MIGHTIEST NAVY OF THE 18th.

15:07 - CENTURY WORLD IS LOOKING TO

15:08 - MAKE LAND FALL IN PHILADELPHIA.

15:10 - AS I SAID, WASHINGTON SAYS,

15:12 - HOLD TO THE LAST EXTREMITY.

15:15 - HE KNOWS WHILE IT MIGHT NOT BE

15:17 - AN AMERICAN VICTORY, THE

15:18 - TIME IS SO ESSENTIAL.

15:20 - HE NEEDS TO MAKE ORDINARILY

15:23 - WINTER QUARTERS.

15:24 - FORT MIFFLIN WITH MEAGER

15:26 - DEFENSES DIGS HER HEELS IN.

15:28 - THE DEFENSE OF THE RIVER, WHICH

15:31 - WAS MORE A DEFENSE OF THE

15:33 - RIVER THAN IT WAS... SINCE

15:34 - PHILADELPHIA HAS BEEN TAKEN, WAS

15:36 - A COMBINATION OF THE TWO FORTS,

15:39 - PENNSYLVANIA NAVY, A LOT OF THE

15:40 - COLONIES HAD THEIR OWN NAVY, AND

15:42 - PENNSYLVANIA´S WAS

15:45 - AS STRONG AS ANY.

15:46 - AND WHAT WAS LEFT IN THE AREA OF

15:48 - THE CONTINENTAL NAVY VESSELS,

16:00 - AND THEY WEREN´T FULLY ARMED.

16:02 - BUT THE DELAWARE CONTINENTAL

16:05 - NAVY WOULD SPEERHEAD THE

16:08 - SHIP ACTIONS IN THE

16:11 - DELAWARE RIVER.

16:14 - FORT MIFFLIN WAS THE LINCHPIN.

16:17 - IF IT COULD HOLD OUT, THEN

16:20 - THE DEFENSES COULD HOLD OUT.

16:22 - IT WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN THE SET

16:24 - OF THE DEFENSE AND THE FIGHT.

16:27 - THE LARGEST BRITISH WARSHIP

16:35 - SUNK.

16:35 - DEPENDING ON WHAT ACCOUNT YOU

16:37 - READ, SHE BECAME IMPALED

16:39 - OR RAN AGROUND.

16:41 - IN HINDSIGHT, THEY BELIEVE

16:42 - THAT SHE RAN AGROUND.

16:43 - IT WAS ULTIMATELY FIRED UPON

16:46 - BY HER OWN TROOPS TO SAVE...

16:49 - SCUTTLE THE SHIP SO IT DIDN´T

16:50 - COME INTO REBEL HANDS.

16:51 - WITH THE BRITISH ARMY IN

16:52 - PHILADELPHIA, WHAT WAS IT LIKE

16:53 - FOR THEM?

16:54 - WERE THEY COMFORTABLE?

16:55 - WAS IT A DESPERATE SITUATION?

16:57 - THEY WERE SET UP

16:58 - PRETTY COMFORTABLY.

16:58 - THE HOWE BROTHERS WERE NOT

17:03 - REALLY BENT ON DESTRUCTION.

17:09 - THEY WERE TRYING TO COME

17:12 - TO A PEACEFUL ARRANGEMENT.

17:15 - THEY ISN´T OUT A PAMPHLET SAYING

17:17 - IF THE SOLDIERS AND SAILORS

17:18 - WILL GIVE UP, NO HARM, NO FOUL.

17:20 - WE WILL BE DONE WITH THIS.

17:24 - STILL TRYING TO WORK OUT SOME

17:25 - KIND OF A PEACEFUL ARRANGEMENT.

17:27 - WHEN THEY CAME INTO THE CITY,

17:29 - GENERAL HOWE PROMISED THERE

17:31 - WOULD BE NO DESTRUCTION OR

17:32 - ANYTHING ALONG THOSE LINES.

17:33 - THE LOYALISTS WHO STAYED

17:37 - WERE LED BY JOSEPH GALLOWAY.

17:41 - BUT ONE OF THE MEN THAT WAS

17:43 - INVOLVED IN MAKING SURE THE CITY

17:45 - STAYED SECURE AND WASN´T BURNED

17:46 - BY THE DEPARTING PATRIOTS WAS

17:49 - A FELLOW NAMED WILLIAM AUSTIN

17:51 - WHOSE SISTER SARAH HAD

17:53 - JUST MARRIED JOHN BERRY.

17:55 - WHEN THEY TALK ABOUT THE

17:56 - REVOLUTION BEING THE FIRST

17:58 - AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, THE

18:00 - AUSTIN FAMILY PROVES THIS.

18:03 - THEY HELD PARTIES.

18:07 - A MAJOR IS HOSTING ALL SORTS OF

18:10 - LITTLE AFTER PARTY SHOWS AND

18:14 - THINGS ALONG THOSE LINES.

18:15 - IN FACT, WHEN THE BRITISH

18:17 - LEAVE IN MAY OF ´78.

18:19 - HE ORCHESTRATES AN AFFAIR, WHICH

18:22 - IS BASICALLY JOUSTING AND

18:24 - BARBECUES AND ALL

18:26 - SORTS OF THINGS.

18:28 - THAT´S IN HONOR OF THE

18:30 - DEPARTING GENERAL HOWE.

18:31 - IT´S THE FIRST RENAISSANCE

18:32 - FAIR IN PENNSYLVANIA.

18:33 - THE DECISIONS MADE AS WE

18:35 - APPROACH THE FALL OF ´77 FOR A

18:37 - SIEGE OF FORT MIFFLIN, BEFORE WE

18:39 - TALK ABOUT THE SIEGE ITSELF, CAN

18:40 - WE DESCRIBE WHAT THE PURPOSE OF

18:42 - A SIEGE AS A MILITARY

18:44 - MANEUVER IS?

18:46 - THE SEIGE MANEUVER... LAYING

18:49 - SIEGE TO FORT MIFFLIN WAS TRY TO

18:52 - STARVE THEM OUT IF WE CAN´T BOMB

18:53 - BOARD THEM OFF AND

18:55 - CUT OFF ANY ACCESS.

18:57 - THE WHOLE BATTLE OF THE DELAWARE

18:59 - ACTUALLY BEGINS ON

19:00 - SEPTEMBER 26th.

19:01 - BY THIS TIME, THEY HAD SCOUTED

19:04 - OUT THE BEST SITES ALONG THE

19:07 - CITY AND THE DELAWARE

19:08 - FOR BUILDING BATTERIES.

19:10 - HE ALSO TAKES HOLD OF CARPENTERS

19:12 - ISLAND NOT TOO FAR FROM HERE

19:13 - AND PLACES A BATTERY THERE.

19:15 - THE NAVAL SHIPS ARE WAITING

19:17 - TO GET THEIR CHANCE, BECAUSE

19:19 - THERE´S STILL CONTINENTAL

19:21 - NAVY SHIPS HERE.

19:22 - CAPTAIN ALEXANDER OF THE

19:23 - DELAWARE SAILS CLOSE TO

19:25 - PHILADELPHIA.

19:26 - HE SENDS AN EDICT TO CORNWALLACE

19:28 - AND THE BRITISH COMMANDER

19:30 - SAYING, YOU KNOW, IF YOU DON´T

19:32 - ABANDON THE CITY, WE

19:34 - WILL TORCH THE CITY.

19:36 - IT´S NOT THE HOWEs WHO WANT TO.

19:38 - BURN PHILADELPHIA.

19:38 - IT´S A THREAT BY THE AMERICANS.

19:41 - UNFORTUNATELY, AS THE BATTLE

19:45 - BEGINS, THE TIDE CHANGES AND

19:46 - THE DELAWARE RUNS AGROUND.

19:48 - IT CATCHES FIRE.

19:50 - BRITISH LANDING PARTIES

19:52 - COME ABOARD AFTER ALEXANDER

19:54 - SURRENDERED AND

19:55 - SAVE THE DELAWARE.

19:57 - IT BECOMES A BRITISH VESSEL.

19:59 - THE FIGHTS ARE GOING ON BETWEEN

20:01 - THE PENNSYLVANIA NAVY AND THE

20:04 - RETURN OF FIRE FROM FORT

20:06 - MERCER AND FORT MIFFLIN.

20:09 - AN ATTACK IN OCTOBER AFTER FORT

20:15 - MERCER IS SO BRUTALLY REPULSED

20:17 - THAT GENERAL HOWE DECIDES NOT

20:19 - TO DO A SIMILAR ATTACK HERE.

20:21 - BY THE MIDDLE OF OCTOBER,

20:22 - THE SIEGE HAS BEGUN.

20:23 - THE SIEGE IS BASICALLY EVERY

20:26 - DAY, ALL DAY LONG, A BOMBARDMENT

20:30 - OF THIS FORT THAT´S... OUR

20:33 - FORCES ARE BASICALLY

20:34 - HUNKERED DOWN.

20:35 - SOME OF THEM COME OUT INTO THE

20:37 - PLAZA AND TAKE THE CANNON

20:39 - BALLS... THEY ARE SO SHORT OF

20:41 - AMMUNITION THAT THEY WILL TAKE

20:42 - THE CANNON BALLS AND SAY, DO

20:44 - WE HAVE A GUN THAT FITS THIS?

20:46 - THEY WERE REWARDED WITH AN

20:50 - EXTRA GIL OF RUM FOR EVERY

20:53 - INCOMING CANNON BALL THEY COULD

20:55 - RETRIEVE THAT IT HAD TO WORK ONE

20:57 - OF THE... HAD TO FIT ONE OF

20:58 - THE FORT´S WORKING GUNS TO BE

20:59 - RETURNED TO THE BRITISH.

21:01 - THE BATTLE HERE FROM AN

21:03 - INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE IS ONE OF

21:05 - PERSEVERANCE AND

21:06 - RESOURCEFULNESS.

21:07 - WHEN YOU ARE UNDER SIEGE, THE

21:09 - ONLY TYPE OF RESOURCES YOU

21:10 - HAVE ARE VERY LIMITED.

21:11 - YOU HAVE TO BE CREATIVE.

21:14 - THE GARRISON HERE PROVED

21:15 - THAT TIME AND TIME AGAIN.

21:17 - IT´S LIKE A GAME OF DODGE

21:19 - BALL WITH THE MOST DEADLIEST

21:23 - CONSEQUENCES IMAGINABLE.

21:26 - IF YOU ARE OUT,

21:27 - YOU ARE DEAD OUT.

21:29 - THE FORT IS CREDITED FOR HOLDING

21:31 - OUT AS LONG AS THEY DID.

21:33 - IT WAS UNDER HIS DIRECTION THAT

21:35 - THEY REPAIRED AT NIGHT THE

21:36 - DAMAGE OF EACH DAY.

21:37 - IN FACT, SOME OF THE GARRISON

21:40 - SOLDIERS FROM FORT MERCER WOULD

21:43 - ROW UP, MAKE REPAIRS AND ROW

21:45 - BACK DURING... UNDER COVER THE

21:47 - DARKNESS SO THE FORT COULD

21:49 - WITHSTAND THE NEXT DAY.

21:51 - THIS WENT ON OVER AND

21:52 - OVER AND OVER AGAIN.

21:53 - HE IS NOTED IN JOSEPH MARTIN´S

21:56 - MEMOIR, HE WROTE IT 50 YEARS

22:00 - AFTER THE FACT.

22:08 - THEY WERE WAKING THEM UP.

22:09 - THEY WOULD BACK UP AGAINST THE

22:11 - WALLS OF THE FORT BECAUSE IF

22:13 - THEY ENTERED INTO THE BUILDINGS,

22:15 - IT WAS LIKELY THEY WOULD

22:16 - NOT COME OUT ALIVE.

22:17 - THE WALLS WERE LOWER AND THE

22:19 - ROOFS OF THE BUILDINGS STUCK UP

22:22 - ABOVE THE WALLS

22:22 - ALMOST LIKE A TARGET.

22:24 - THE BRITISH WOULD AIM

22:25 - THEIR FIRE THERE.

22:26 - BETH, YOU MENTIONED THE FORT

22:29 - LOOKED DIFFERENT IN 1777.

22:31 - WHAT DID THE FORT LOOK LIKE?

22:33 - WHAT WOULD WE HAVE SEEN?

22:34 - INTERNALLY, THE

22:36 - FORT WAS SMALLER.

22:37 - THE WALL CONFIGURATION THAT YOU

22:39 - SEE TODAY DATES TO ROUGHLY

22:42 - MID 19th CENTURY.

22:43 - WHEN YOU LOOK IN, WHAT APPEARS

22:47 - LIKE GRANITE, IS GNEISS, THOSE

22:50 - STONES ARE ORIGINAL TO THE

22:52 - BRITISH CONSTRUCTION.

22:53 - YOU HAVE THE STAR SHAPE HERE

22:54 - THAT FRONTS THE DELAWARE.

22:56 - ACTUALLY EXTENDS A LITTLE

22:57 - ON THE SOUTH FACING WALL.

22:59 - THE WEST WALL WAS EARTHEN.

23:04 - IT WASN´T THE STURDY, TALL WALL

23:06 - STAR SHAPED FORT THAT WE SEE

23:09 - TODAY.

23:09 - WHEN THE SOLDIERS LOOKED OUT

23:11 - INTO THE RIVER, THEY SEE THE

23:14 - MIGHTIEST NAVY OF THE 18th.

23:15 - CENTURY.

23:15 - THEY SEE LAND BATTERIES.

23:17 - FLOATING BATTERIES,

23:18 - CANNONS ON RAFTS.

23:20 - THEY WOULDN´T WANT TO LOOK OVER

23:21 - THE EDGE OF THE WALL FOR FEAR OF

23:22 - WHAT THEY MIGHT SEE COMING IN.

23:24 - TIM, THE BRITISH NAVY WAS THE

23:26 - GREATEST NAVAL

23:28 - FORCE OF THE 18th.

23:29 - CENTURY.

23:30 - DO YOU THINK THEY WERE SURPRISED

23:31 - HOW LONG THE SOLDIERS

23:32 - HERE HELD OUT?

23:33 - THEY WERE.

23:35 - THERE´S DOCUMENTATION.

23:36 - THERE´S NO COMMENTS ABOUT WHEN

23:37 - ARE WE GOING TO GET

23:38 - THESE GUYS OUT OF HERE.

23:39 - BUT YOU CAN SENSE IN SOME OF THE

23:41 - LETTERS AND REPORTS A

23:42 - LITTLE BIT OF FRUSTRATION.

23:44 - TWO OF THE BRITISH NAVY´S BEST

23:45 - CAPTAINS WERE PART OF THE

23:50 - FLEET THAT WAS HERE.

23:54 - ONE HAD COME UP THE DELAWARE IN

23:56 - MAY OF ´76 AND ENCOUNTERED A

23:58 - TWO-DAY BATTLE WELL OTHER

24:00 - BRITISH SHIPS AGAINST THE

24:01 - PENNSYLVANIA NAVY AND SOME

24:03 - OF THE CONTINENTAL OFFICERS.

24:05 - THERE WAS SIR JAMES WALLACE WHO

24:08 - DEVELOPED A REPUTATION AS AN

24:10 - ABSOLUTE TYRANT FROM HIS

24:11 - BOMBARDMENT OF NEW

24:13 - ENGLAND TOWNS.

24:14 - HE COMMITTED A 50-GUN SHIP.

24:18 - THEY HAD THE A TEAM HERE.

24:20 - THE OFFICERS WERE AND THE

24:22 - BRITISH GUNNERS WERE THE BEST

24:23 - TRAINED IN THE WORLD.

24:24 - THEY COULD GET OFF AN 11-STEP

24:26 - PROCEDURE OF FIRING THE SHIP´S

24:28 - GUNS WITHIN LESS

24:29 - THAN TWO MINUTES.

24:29 - A LOT OF THEM CLOSER TO A

24:31 - MINUTE, MINUTE AND A HALF.

24:34 - YOU HAD THE CREAM OF THE

24:35 - CROP HERE INVOLVED IN THE

24:37 - DESTRUCTION.

24:39 - THE AMERICAN GUNNERS HERE WERE

24:42 - TRAINED AS BEST THEY AS COULD.

24:43 - IT WAS MORE BRAVERY.

24:44 - ONE OF THE CAPTAINS THAT WAS AT

24:48 - ONE OF THE BATTERIES, A FELLOW

24:51 - NAMED DOWMAN, WROTE

24:53 - MEMOIRS AT THE END.

24:54 - HE TALKED ABOUT THE ACCURACY OF

24:56 - THE AMERICAN GUNNERS

24:57 - FROM THE FORTS.

24:59 - THEY DAMAGED... THEY SMASHED

25:01 - BATTERIES WHILE BETH IS TELLING

25:04 - US ABOUT WHAT WE DID AT NIGHT TO

25:07 - PATCH UP THE DAMAGE, THE BRITISH

25:08 - WERE DOING THE SAME THING.

25:10 - IT WASN´T THAT THESE GUYS WERE

25:13 - JUST TAKING A LAMBASTING.

25:16 - THEY WERE GIVING IT OUT.

25:17 - YOU MENTIONED

25:17 - JOSEPH PLUM MARTIN.

25:19 - WE TALK ABOUT SOURCES.

25:20 - HOW IMPORTANT WAS HIS DIARY?

25:22 - IT ACTUALLY WASN´T A DIARY.

25:24 - IT WAS A MEMOIR WRITTEN ABOUT 50

25:25 - YEARS AFTER THE FACT.

25:28 - HE WAS A PRIVATE

25:31 - DURING THE SIEGE HERE.

25:34 - HE TELLS THE TALE WITH

25:36 - GREAT IMPASSIONED WORDS.

25:40 - DESCRIBES THE INCREDIBLE

25:42 - CHALLENGES OF THE SITE.

25:44 - THIS WAS A PARTICULARLY EARLY

25:47 - AND COLD WINTER SETTING.

25:49 - HE DOCUMENTS THERE WERE TWO

25:51 - INCHES OF ICE WHEN THEY WOULD

25:53 - GET UP IN THE MORNING.

25:55 - IT´S THROUGH HIS EYES...

25:57 - HE´S A YOUNG PRIVATE.

25:59 - PEOPLE WHEN THEY READ THIS I

26:00 - THINK HAVE AN EMOTIONAL

26:02 - RESPONSE TO IT.

26:03 - I THINK IS WHAT REALLY MAKES

26:04 - HISTORY INTERESTING TO THE

26:06 - PUBLIC TODAY.

26:07 - THEY CAN READ IT AND IT´S

26:08 - A STORY AND THEY CAN PUT

26:10 - THEMSELVES IN THAT PERSPECTIVE.

26:12 - IT´S THROUGH PLUM MARTIN´S EYES

26:14 - THAT WE HAVE A SENSE OF THE

26:17 - HARDSHIP AND THE BRAVERY AND

26:19 - THE DEFENSE OF THE SITE.

26:21 - HE WAS JUST LIKE A

26:23 - COG IN THE WHEEL.

26:25 - HE WAS NOT ONE OF THE

26:28 - DECISION MAKERS.

26:30 - HE HAD TO CARRY OUT

26:31 - THE DECISIONS.

26:32 - YOU HAVE TO KEEP IN MIND,

26:34 - THIS IS A HIGH SCHOOL KID.

26:37 - WHEN HE JOINS THE CONTINENTAL

26:39 - ARMY, HE IS 15 OR 16 YEARS OLD.

26:41 - HE LIVES THROUGH THE...

26:43 - OBVIOUSLY, HE SURVIVES THE WAR.

26:45 - HE ALSO HAS A PRETTY

26:47 - RYE SENSE OF HUMOR.

26:50 - HE TALKED ABOUT THE DIET

26:52 - CONSISTS OF NOTHING AND NO

26:54 - TURNIPS.

26:54 - HIS COMMENTS OF THE SIEGE

26:57 - ARE REALLY SPOT ON.

26:59 - IF HE´S A YOUNG MAN, AS YOU

27:01 - POINTED OUT EARLIER, LOOKING OUT

27:04 - AND WHAT HE IS SEEING, THE MIGHT

27:07 - OF THE GREATEST ARMED FORCES THE

27:09 - WORLD HAS EVER SEEN, YOU ALSO

27:11 - HAVE A JUNIOR OFFICER, WHO HAS

27:14 - JUST RECOVERED FROM WOUNDS HE

27:16 - SUSTAINED IN A DARING ACTION IN

27:19 - NEW YORK WHERE HIS FACE IS SO

27:20 - BADLY BURNED THAT HE SCARED THE

27:22 - VILLAGE CHILDREN WHERE HE IS

27:23 - RECUPERATING.

27:26 - HE SURVIVES FORT MIFFLIN AND

27:28 - BECOMES A CONGRESSMAN AND ONE

27:29 - OF THE EARLY CAPTAINS OF THE

27:31 - CONSTITUTION.

27:33 - THE ACTUAL FIELD COMMAND HERE

27:35 - IS GIVEN TO A YOUNG LIEUTENANT

27:37 - COLONEL, SAMUEL SMITH, WHO WHEN

27:40 - HE DOES HIS INITIAL, SENDS A

27:43 - DISPATCHER BACK TO WASHINGTON

27:44 - SAYING, I´M GOING TO NEED MORE

27:46 - MEN TO DO THIS.

27:47 - WASHINGTON GETS THEM HERE.

27:49 - MARTIN IS PART OF THAT.

27:50 - WE HEARD A LOT OF TALES OF

27:53 - HEROISM AND SURVISURVIVAL.

27:56 - HOW DOES IT END?

27:58 - MOTHER NATURE SUPPLIED THE

27:59 - BRITISH WITH TWO WEEKS OF

28:01 - FLOODING RAINS IN NOVEMBER.

28:03 - THE FORT IS BUILD ON MUD ISLAND.

28:05 - THAT´S A SPIT OF LAND

28:07 - COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY WATER.

28:09 - THOSE FLOODING RAINS ALLOWED THE

28:12 - BACK CHANNEL TO FLOOD TO THE

28:13 - POINT WHERE THE BRITISH WERE

28:14 - ABLE TO SAIL TWO WARSHIPS

28:17 - UP THE BACK CHANNEL.

28:19 - TODAY WE SEE TREE TOPS

28:21 - OVER THE WESTERN WALL.

28:23 - THE YOUNG SOLDIERS AT THE FORT

28:26 - IN 1777 WOULD HAVE SEEN THE

28:28 - MASTS OF TWO SHIPS.

28:29 - IT´S UNDER THAT TIGHT SPACE THAT

28:31 - THE MARINES ARE ABLE TO CLIMB

28:33 - THE RIGGINGS AND COME

28:36 - DOWN WITH HAND GRENADES.

28:39 - FIVE DAYS THIS UNRELENTING BOMB

28:41 - BANDMENT, UP TO 1,000 CANNON

28:44 - BALLS AN HOUR.

28:44 - THE AMERICANS ARE OUT OF CANNON

28:46 - BALLS, OUT OF BLACK POWDER.

28:48 - THEY ARE DEFEATED.

28:49 - UNDER COVER OF DARKNESS, ON

28:52 - NOVEMBER 15, 1777, THE GARRISON

28:55 - EVACUATES.

28:56 - THEY ROW ACROSS THE RIVER WITH

28:58 - MUFFLED OARS PAST THE SHIPS.

29:00 - THEY LEAVE A DETAIL OF 40

29:02 - YOUNG SOLDIERS BEHIND.

29:04 - THESE YOUNG MEN SPIKE THE

29:06 - LAST TEN REMAINING CANNON.

29:07 - BASICALLY PLUGGED UP THEIR TOUCH

29:09 - HOLE SO THE BRITISH ARE

29:12 - UNABLE TO FIRE THEM.

29:13 - THEY SET FIRE TO ANYTHING.

29:15 - THEY EVACUATE.

29:16 - BUT THEY LEFT THE

29:17 - FORT´S FLAGS FLYING.

29:19 - FORT MIFFLIN WAS DESTROYED,

29:21 - BUT IT NEVER SURRENDERED.

29:23 - THE BRITISH ARRIVE THE FOLLOWING

29:26 - MORNING EXPECTING TO FIND

29:28 - STRAGGLING ARMY.

29:29 - BUT THERE´S NOTHING LEFT.

29:30 - THE AMERICANS HAD

29:32 - EVACUATED SUCCESSFULLY.

29:34 - THAT DAY, NOVEMBER 15, BEFORE

29:37 - THEY EVACUATE, WAS THE LARGEST

29:39 - BOMBARDMENT OF THE

29:40 - REVOLUTIONARY WAR.

29:41 - ABOUT 80 WOUNDS WERE EXPECTED

29:43 - TO BE FIRED BY EACH CANNON,

29:45 - ACCORDING TO THE BRITISH

29:48 - COMMANDERS AT A PREORDAINED

29:51 - SIGNAL.

29:52 - THIS WAS AN

29:53 - INCREDIBLE ONSLAUGHT.

29:56 - JOSEPH PLUM MARTIN WROTE THE

29:58 - PLAZA LOOKED LIKE A PLOWED

29:59 - FIELD.

30:00 - IT WAS THAT DESTROYED.

30:03 - SAMUEL SMITH HAD BEEN WOUNDED

30:04 - AID FEW DAYS EARLIER AND HAD

30:07 - BEEN CARRIED OVER

30:08 - TO FORT MERCER.

30:15 - AS BETH POINTED OUT, THE

30:16 - FLOODING PROVED TO BE ONE THING

30:18 - TOO MANY FOR THEM TO WITHSTAND.

30:20 - ULTIMATELY, THE FORT WAS

30:22 - SURROUNDED ON THREE SIDES BY THE

30:23 - BRITISH.

30:25 - THEY JUST... THEY DID NOT HAVE

30:29 - THE WORKING GUNS TO RESPOND.

30:32 - WHENEVER GEORGE WASHINGTON TOLD

30:33 - THE MEN TO HOLD OUT, DO YOU

30:34 - THINK HE WAS SATISFIED

30:35 - WITH THE ENDING?

30:36 - WHAT DID THAT MEAN FOR HIM?

30:38 - WASHINGTON WAS MORE

30:39 - THAN SATISFIED.

30:40 - HE WAS DELIGHTED THAT THE FORT

30:41 - HELD OUT AS LONG AS IT DID AND

30:43 - CONGRATULATED THE TROOPS HERE.

30:45 - EVEN THE BRITISH PAID TRIBUTE,

30:47 - IN FACT, ONE OF THE BRITISH

30:49 - GENERALS WROTE IN HIS

30:51 - CORRESPONDENCE THAT THE SIEGE

30:53 - AND BOMBARDMENT HERE WERE SOME

30:55 - OF THE COSTLIEST WEEKS OF THE

30:57 - WAR.

30:57 - THIS DELAY WHICH ALLOWED

30:59 - WASHINGTON TO ESTABLISH WINTER

31:00 - QUARTERS FORCED

31:02 - THE WAR TO GO ON.

31:03 - WHAT HAPPENED THAT WINTER AT

31:05 - VALLEY FORGE INCLUDES TRAINING

31:07 - OF THE TROOPS AND THE FRENCH

31:08 - OFFICIALLY SIGNING THE ALLIANCE

31:10 - AND BRINGING A

31:11 - CHECKBOOK AND A NAVY.

31:13 - WHAT EMERGES FROM VALLEY FORGE

31:15 - IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT

31:17 - ARRIVED AT VALLEY FORGE.

31:19 - COULD YOU TAKE US THROUGH THE

31:21 - AFTERMATH OF THIS EVENT?

31:22 - OBVIOUSLY, THERE WAS

31:24 - A LOT TO DIGEST.

31:25 - SAMUEL SMITH, THE COMMANDING

31:27 - OFFICER HERE FOR MUCH OF THE

31:28 - TIME DURING THE SIEGE, WAS

31:30 - ULTIMATELY INJURED BEFORE THE

31:31 - FINAL DAYS.

31:32 - HE SURVIVED THE WAR VERY

31:34 - SUCCESSFULLY AND WENT ON AS A

31:37 - GENERAL IN COMMAND OF THE TROOPS

31:38 - AT BALTIMORE DURING THE

31:40 - SIEGE OF THE WAR OF 1812.

31:42 - WE LIKE TO THINK THAT HE CUT HIS

31:44 - TEETH SURVIVING THE SIEGE AND

31:48 - BOMBARDMENT HERE AND TOOK THOSE

31:50 - LESSONS THAT HE LEARNED HERE AND

31:52 - ULTIMATELY DEFEATED THE BRITISH

31:55 - DURING THE WAR OF 1812.

31:58 - THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH IS GRIM.

32:03 - FORT MERCER IS USELESS AND THEY

32:05 - GET OUT OF THERE WITHIN

32:07 - A DAY OR GO LATER.

32:08 - THE PENNSYLVANIA NAVY, WHAT´S

32:10 - LEFT OF THAT, SAILS UP TOWARD

32:13 - NEW JERSEY AND WHITE

32:14 - HILL, PENNSYLVANIA.

32:14 - THE FEW SHIPS LEFT OF THE

32:16 - CONTINENTAL NAVY... THE ORIGINAL

32:18 - SQUADRON THAT SAILED DOWN THE

32:21 - DELAWARE IN JANUARY OF ´76 WAS

32:23 - WITH SO ENTHUSIASM IS FORCED

32:25 - TO RUN A GAUNTLET UP THAT WAY.

32:27 - ONCE THEY GET PAST PHILADELPHIA,

32:29 - THEIR CAPTAINS GIVE

32:30 - ORDERS TO THE CREW.

32:31 - THOSE SHIPS ARE TORCHED.

32:33 - LIKE VIKING FUNERALS,

32:35 - SINK INTO THE DELAWARE.

32:37 - THINGS LOOK GRIM.

32:38 - AS BETH POINTED OUT EARLIER, IT

32:41 - SERVED AS A DELAYING ACTION.

32:44 - WASHINGTON GOES TO VALLEY

32:46 - FORGE IN DECEMBER.

32:48 - BUT THEY BOUGHT ENOUGH TIME FOR

32:51 - HIM TO HAVE SECURE QUARTERS AND

32:52 - WINTER QUARTERS THAT ARE NOT

32:54 - TOUCHED BY ANY BRITISH ATTACKS.

32:58 - THE BRITISH HAVE TECHNICALLY

33:00 - CONTROL OF THE DELAWARE RIVER.

33:02 - BUT LATE THEY´RE WINTER, JOHN

33:04 - BERRY SNEAKS A FEW BARGES DOWN

33:07 - PAST PHILADELPHIA.

33:08 - ACTUALLY MEETS UP WITH ANTHONY

33:11 - WAYNE AND N WILMINGTON

33:12 - WITH HIS SOLDIERS.

33:13 - THEY GO ON A CATTLE WRESTLING

33:15 - EXPEDITION ALONG THE JERSEY

33:18 - SHORE OF FARMS AND BRING ENOUGH

33:19 - CATTLE THAT THEY TAKE A CATTLE

33:21 - DRIVE UP TO BURLINGTON WHILE

33:24 - BERRY SAILS HIS BARGES DOWN THE

33:26 - JERSEY SIDE, BURNING HAY STACKS

33:27 - AS HE GOES, TO DRAG THE BRITISH

33:30 - PURSUING FORCES DOWN WITH THEM

33:31 - SO WAYNE CAN GET BACK TO

33:34 - VALLEY FORGE WITH THE FOOD.

33:37 - THE OTHER THING THAT´S

33:39 - INTERESTING IS THAT HOWE FINDS

33:41 - HIMSELF LOVING PHILADELPHIA.

33:44 - HE BROUGHT HIS

33:45 - MISTRESS DOWN HERE.

33:47 - WE TALKED ABOUT THE PARTIES.

33:48 - IT´S BENJAMIN FRANKLIN WHO SUMS

33:50 - IT UP AND SAYS HOWE HASN´T

33:52 - CAPTURED PHILADELPHIA.

33:53 - PHILADELPHIA HAS CAPTURED HOWE.

33:56 - FORT MIFFLIN GOES ON TO

33:57 - THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.

33:59 - THAT´S NOT EVEN THE END.

34:00 - CAN YOU TALK ABOUT THE ROLE THAT

34:02 - FORT MIFFLIN PLAYED

34:03 - IN THE CIVIL WAR?

34:04 - IT WAS A FEDERAL PRISON

34:05 - DURING THE CIVIL WAR.

34:07 - NOT THE MOST EFFECTIVE PRISON.

34:08 - NOT THE PRISON WITH THE

34:10 - WORST CONDITIONS AT IT.

34:12 - WE HELD PROBABLY OUR MOST FAMOUS

34:15 - OCCUPANT OF THE FORT, OTHER

34:18 - THAN JOSEPH PLUM MARTIN, WAS A

34:22 - PENNSYLVANIA PRIVATE, WILLIAM

34:24 - HOWE, NO RELATION TO GENERAL

34:26 - WILLIAM HOWE IN THE

34:27 - REVOLUTIONARY WAR.

34:28 - HE WAS A VETERAN OF THE

34:29 - BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG.

34:31 - HE BECAME CRITICALLY

34:32 - ILL WITH DYSENTERY.

34:34 - LIKE MANY SOLDIERS, TERRIBLY

34:36 - UNCOMFORTABLE, BUT UNLIKE MOST

34:40 - CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS, HE DECIDED

34:41 - HE WOULD PREPARE TO RECUPERATE

34:43 - UNDER THE CARE OF HIS WIFE

34:45 - RATHER THAN A CIVIL WAR

34:46 - BATTLEFIELD HOSPITAL.

34:48 - HE WALKED HOME.

34:51 - THE DETAIL THAT WAS DISPATCHED

34:52 - TO RETURN HIM TO THE COUNTRY

34:54 - SERVICE AND TO FACE

34:55 - COURT-MARTIAL ARRIVE AT HIS

34:56 - HOUSE IN THE MIDDLE

34:57 - OF THE NIGHT.

34:57 - THEY´RE NOT IN UNIFORM.

35:00 - A SCUFFLE ENSUES.

35:02 - ONE IS SHOT AND KILLED.

35:03 - HOWE ESCAPED BUT IS CAPTURED.

35:06 - HE IS TRIED AND CONVICTED OF NOW

35:09 - NOT ONLY DESERTION

35:10 - BUT ALSO OF MURDER.

35:11 - NEWSPAPER ACCOUNTS AT THE

35:13 - TIME AND THE PRIMARY SOURCE

35:15 - DOCUMENTS, TRANSCRIPTS OF THE

35:16 - TRIAL INDICATE THAT THERE

35:18 - MIGHT HAVE BEEN PROCEDURAL

35:20 - IRREGULARITIES.

35:20 - THERE WERE CERTAINLY A

35:21 - PUSH TO CONVICT HIM.

35:23 - HE APPEALS IS TRIED A SECOND

35:25 - TIME IS CONVICTED A SECOND TIME.

35:26 - IS SENTENCED TO DEATH.

35:29 - HE IS HELD HERE AT FORT

35:30 - MIFFLIN, ATTEMPTS ESCAPE.

35:32 - IS ULTIMATELY CAPTURED AND SENT

35:34 - AND HELD UP AT EASTERN STATE

35:36 - PENITENTIARY.

35:36 - IT´S A PRISONER THAT THE QUAKER

35:39 - PRISON IN PHILADELPHIA AND

35:41 - FORT MIFFLIN HAVE IN COMMON.

35:44 - HE IS HELD IN WHAT IS OUR

35:48 - ARSENAL IN FULL VIEW OF THE

35:52 - GALLOWS THAT WOULD

35:53 - ULTIMATELY HANG HIM.

35:54 - THERE´S MANY QUESTIONS

35:55 - ABOUT HIS...

35:56 - WHETHER HE SHOULD HAVE

35:58 - BEEN CONVICTED OF MURDER.

36:00 - COULD IT HAVE BEEN HIS

36:01 - WIFE THAT SHOT THE PERSON?

36:02 - THERE´S A LOT OF

36:04 - QUESTIONS AROUND THAT.

36:05 - THIS IS PROBABLY THE FORT´S

36:07 - GREATEST PUBLIC HISTORY

36:09 - TEACHABLE MOMENT.

36:10 - ONE OF THE THINGS WE SAY IS

36:11 - HISTORY IS ALWAYS BEING WRITTEN.

36:12 - IN THE CASE OF FORT

36:13 - MIFFLIN, THAT´S TRUE.

36:15 - CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THE

36:17 - STORY OF CASE MATE 11?

36:19 - IT´S ONE OF THE THINGS THAT

36:21 - BRINGS VISITORS TO FORT MIFFLIN.

36:22 - IT´S A NEW DISCOVERY.

36:25 - WE ALWAYS TOLD WILLIAM

36:28 - HOWE´S STORY IN CASE MATE 5.

36:31 - IT´S THE LAST BOMB PROOF SHELTER

36:33 - BUILT INTO THE BASTION

36:35 - HERE AT THE FORT.

36:36 - THIS IS THE CHAMBER WE KNEW MOST

36:38 - OF THE UNION PRISONERS

36:39 - WERE HELD IN.

36:44 - HOWE INFANTRY.

36:46 - IN 2006, OUR LONGTIME CARETAKER

36:48 - WAS CUTTING THE GRASS ON OTHER

36:50 - SIDE OF THE TORPEDO MAGAZINE AND

36:53 - HIS FOOT FELL INTO A

36:54 - SOFT AREA OF THE GROUND.

36:55 - BEING CURIOUS, HE BEGAN TO DIG

36:58 - AND REALIZED, THAT

36:59 - LOOKS LIKE A STEP.

36:59 - THE AREA HAS BEEN EXCAVATED.

37:01 - WE FOUND WHAT WE BELIEVE TO BE

37:03 - THE OLDEST PORTION OF THE FORT.

37:05 - IT DATES TO BRITISH

37:06 - CONSTRUCTION.

37:06 - WE BELIEVE IT´S THE

37:07 - ORIGINAL POWDER MAGAZINE.

37:09 - IT´S GOT DIFFERENT DESIGN AND

37:10 - DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION THAN THE

37:12 - EXISTING MAGAZINES HERE ON SITE

37:14 - WHICH WERE LARGELY DESIGNED

37:15 - BY THE FRENCH AND AMERICAN

37:17 - ENGINEERS.

37:17 - THEY ALL HAVE A FLAT CONCRETE

37:20 - FLOOR AND A LARGE CONTINUOUS

37:23 - ARCH CEILING.

37:27 - CASE MATE 11 IS A VERY

37:29 - SMALL, VERY CONFINED SPACE.

37:32 - THE SHELTERS AND MAGAZINES ALL

37:34 - GREW IN SIZE AS WEAPONS

37:36 - GREW AND CHANGED.

37:37 - IT´S A SMALL SPACE WITH VERTICAL

37:42 - WALLS, A SEAM AND A

37:43 - SHALLOW ARCH CEILING.

37:45 - WE BELIEVE IT WAS THE

37:46 - ORIGINAL POWDER MAGAZINE.

37:47 - IT WAS ALSO SOLITARY CONFINEMENT

37:50 - DURING THE CIVIL WAR.

37:52 - HOW DO WE KNOW THAT?

37:53 - PRISONERS SIGNED THEIR NAMES

37:55 - ON THE WALL, INCLUDING WILLIAM

37:58 - HOWE.

37:58 - PLACE HAS BEEN EXCAVATED.

38:00 - VISITORS CAN GO IN THERE.

38:01 - WE DON´T TAKE GROUPS BECAUSE

38:03 - IT´S SO SMALL AND CONFINED.

38:04 - GHOST HUNTERS HAVE

38:06 - LOOKED DOWN THERE.

38:08 - IN FACT, WE HAVE CONSERVED THE

38:10 - DOOR TO WHAT WE BELIEVE WAS

38:12 - HOWE´S CELL.

38:12 - THAT IS ON EXHIBIT RIGHT NOW

38:13 - OVER AT THE PHILADELPHIA

38:14 - INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.

38:16 - IT´S GETTING A GREAT

38:18 - AUDIENCE FOR THE SUMMER.

38:19 - ONE OF THE OTHER VERY STRANGE

38:21 - STORIES THAT COME FROM THE CIVIL

38:23 - WAR, AT LEAST IN A LOT OF

38:26 - PEOPLE´S MINES IS THE

38:27 - FISHING CREEK CONFEDERACY.

38:29 - THE FISHING CREEK

38:31 - CONFEDERACY, BESIDES BEING

38:34 - DIFFICULT TO SAY SOMETIMES, IS

38:36 - ALMOST FUNNY IN SOME REGARDS.

38:39 - WE THINK OF PENNSYLVANIA AS THE

38:40 - KEYSTONE STATE AND CERTAINLY

38:43 - A STAUNCH UNION STATE.

38:45 - BUT IT HAD ITS ELEMENTS OF

38:47 - ANTI-WAR PROTESTS QUITE A FEW

38:51 - COPPERHEAD DEMOCRATS.

38:52 - IN COLUMBIA COUNTY

38:53 - OUT TOWARDS...

38:54 - FURTHER INTO THE

38:55 - STATE, WAS A HOT BED

38:58 - OF ANTI-WAR SENTIMENT.

39:01 - ABOUT 100 OR SO MEN... THIS WAS

39:06 - RIGHT AFTER THE DRAFT HAD

39:08 - BEEN SIGNED IN 1863.

39:10 - COLUMBIA COUNTY HAD ITS OWN

39:11 - VERSION OF THE NEW YORK DRAFT

39:12 - RIOTS.

39:14 - ABOUT 600 MEMBER WERE CALLED AND

39:15 - ABOUT 400 MEN DID NOT SHOW UP.

39:19 - THEY DRIFTED VARIOUSLY BUT

39:21 - SOMEHOW RUMORS GOT THROUGH THAT

39:24 - THESE GENTLEMEN HAD SET UP A

39:27 - FORT THAT WAS GIVEN

39:29 - THIS NAME IN THE PRESS.

39:32 - IT WAS COVERED BY THE

39:33 - CONFEDERATE AND UNITED STATES

39:35 - NEWSPAPERS.

39:35 - UNION TROOPS WERE SENT INTO

39:37 - COLUMBIA COUNTY TO LAY SIEGE OR

39:39 - FIND THIS FORT AND TAKE IT.

39:41 - THEY NEVER REALLY FOUND A FORT.

39:42 - THEY DID COME UP WITH WHAT´S

39:46 - ABOUT 100 CONFEDERATE

39:48 - SYMPATHIZERS THAT THEY DID

39:49 - CAPTURE AND QUITE A FEW OF THEM

39:51 - WOUND UP SPENDING THE REST

39:52 - OF WAR HERE AT FORT MIFFLIN.

39:54 - THE CIVILIAN PRISONERS, WHICH

40:00 - FISHING CREEK CONFEDERACY WERE,

40:04 - THEY HAD THE WORST CONDITIONS.

40:05 - THEY WERE HELD IN THREE SMALL

40:07 - CHAMBERS THAT IF IT DRIZZLES FOR

40:09 - TEN MINUTES, THEY

40:10 - HAVE A WET FLOOR.

40:11 - IT WAS REALLY

40:13 - TERRIBLE CONDITIONS.

40:14 - THERE WAS A CODE OF HONOR

40:16 - AMONG THE SOLDIERS HERE.

40:19 - CONFEDERATES IMPRISONED HERE

40:20 - COULD EARN THEIR PAROLE BY

40:22 - SIGNING AN ORIGINAL OF

40:23 - ALLEGIANCE TO THE UNITED STATES

40:24 - OF AMERICA.

40:25 - THE CIVILIANS WERE THE

40:28 - BOTTOM OF THE BARREL.

40:30 - SUFFERED TERRIBLY.

40:31 - THE FORT IS USED INTO

40:32 - THE 20th CENTURY?

40:34 - IT WAS A MUNITIONS DEPOT.

40:37 - AND AN ANTI-AIRCRAFT BATTERY

40:39 - DURING WORLD WAR II PROTECTING

40:41 - THE CITY BUT ALSO THE AIRPORT,

40:43 - WHICH IS OUR NEXT DOOR NEIGHBOR.

40:46 - THERE WERE ACTUALLY SOME REALLY

40:48 - INTERESTING OLD POLITICAL

40:50 - CARTOONS IN THE EVENING

40:51 - BULLETIN, WHICH IS NO LONGER IN

40:53 - PRODUCTION.

40:53 - ONE OF THEM IS THE SHAPE OF A

40:55 - BOMB WITH VARIOUS PICTURES OF

40:57 - FORT MIFFLIN AND OUR SISTER

40:59 - FACILITY, WHICH IS STILL IN USE

41:01 - WITH THE NATIONAL GUARD FACILITY

41:03 - AND ARMY CORPS OF

41:04 - ENGINEERS NEXT DOOR.

41:05 - WITH ALL KINDS OF EXPLOSIVES.

41:07 - THE JOKE WAS THAT IF A SOLDIER

41:10 - HAD A STRAY SPARK FROM HIS

41:12 - CIGARETTE, ALL OF SOUTH

41:13 - PHILADELPHIA WOULD HAVE BEEN

41:15 - BLOWN UP.

41:15 - THE FORT PLAYED A ROLE AND

41:18 - ANSWERED EVERY CALL OF DUTY FROM

41:22 - 1771 WHEN THE BRITISH

41:23 - CONSTRUCTED IT UNTIL

41:25 - DECOMMISSIONING IN 1954.

41:26 - IT´S THE SPIRIT OF PERSEVERANCE

41:28 - AND JUST AN ANSWERING THAT CALL.

41:30 - THE FORT IS A VETERAN OF SO MANY

41:33 - CONFLICTS AND STILL TODAY IS

41:34 - HERE AS A REMINDER OF WHAT IT

41:35 - MEANS TO SERVE.

41:37 - IF VISITORS CAME TO FORT

41:39 - MIFFLIN TODAY, WHAT COULD THEY

41:40 - SEE?

41:40 - WE HAVE TALKED SO MUCH ABOUT THE

41:42 - FACT THAT IT WAS COMPLETELY

41:43 - DESTROYED BY THE

41:44 - BRITISH IN 1777.

41:46 - THIS IS ONE OF THE QUESTIONS WE

41:47 - OFTEN ASK OUR GROUPS ON TOURS IS

41:50 - IF THE FORT WAS DESTROYED,

41:51 - WHAT IS IT YOU SEE TODAY?

41:53 - YOU SEE A RECONSTRUCTION.

41:54 - NOT A RECONSTRUCTION

41:56 - AS A HISTORIC SITE.

41:57 - YOU SEE A RECONSTRUCTION

41:59 - AS A MILITARY FORT.

42:01 - THE FORT SERVED THROUGH

42:02 - ALL MAJOR CONFLICTS.

42:04 - IT WAS GARRISON FOR THE WAR OF

42:09 - 1812, FEDERAL PRISON DURING THE

42:12 - CIVIL WAR, AND EACH OF THE

42:15 - BUILDINGS AT THE FORT, THOUGH

42:16 - THEY WEREN´T HERE AT THE TIME OF

42:17 - THE REVOLUTION, TELLS A STORY.

42:20 - THEY WERE BUILT IN RESPONSE TO

42:22 - MILITARY AND POLITICAL

42:23 - NEEDS AT THE TIME.

42:24 - ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING

42:26 - BUILDINGS YOU WILL SEE THE IS

42:27 - THE ARTILLERY SHED.

42:29 - OFTEN PEOPLE COMPARE IT TO A

42:30 - GARAGE OR A PENNSYLVANIA BANK

42:32 - BARN.

42:32 - IT´S THREE SIDED.

42:34 - IT´S THE LAST BUILDING OF ITS

42:35 - TYPE STANDING IN THE COUNTRY

42:36 - TODAY.

42:38 - THIS WAS BASICALLY

42:39 - CANNON STORAGE.

42:41 - THE BARRELS WOULD HAVE BEEN

42:44 - STORED ON HOISTED UP THROUGH A

42:48 - HOLE LIKE A PENNSYLVANIA BANK

42:52 - BARN HAS THE HOLE IN

42:52 - THE SECOND FLOOR.

42:52 - THE CARRIAGES WOULD HAVE

42:53 - BEEN ON THE FIRST FLOOR.

42:54 - WE HAVE SOME EXAMPLES OF

42:56 - THAT SORT OF THING AND OTHER

42:58 - ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS THAT WE

42:58 - HAVE SAVED FOR VISITORS TO SEE.

43:00 - DO YOU HAVE ANY EVENTS COMING

43:04 - UP THAT VISITORS CAN

43:05 - PARTICIPATE IN?

43:06 - WE HAVE ALWAYS HAVE

43:07 - AN EVENT COMING UP.

43:08 - WE PRESENT LIVING HISTORY EVENTS

43:11 - THAT SPAN THE FORT´S

43:12 - TENURE OF SERVICE.

43:13 - WE ARE SITTING OUT HERE ON A HOT

43:15 - AUGUST DAY IN ADVANCE

43:17 - OF PIRATE DAY.

43:18 - OUR FLAGSHIP EVENT

43:19 - IS SIEGE WEEKEND.

43:20 - THAT IS THE MIDDLE OF NOVEMBER,

43:22 - THE 14th AND 15th THIS YEAR.

43:24 - IT´S TERRIFIC TO BE CONCLUDING

43:26 - THAT EVENT ON THE ACTUAL

43:27 - ANNIVERSARY OF THE LAST

43:30 - DAY OF THE SIEGE IN 1777.

43:32 - WE TELL THE THE STORY OF THE

43:34 - SIEGE OVER THE COURSE OF FOUR

43:36 - FULLY SCRIPTED BATTLES.

43:38 - THERE ARE ABOUT 200

43:39 - RE-ENACTORS THAT TAKE PLACE.

43:41 - THESE ARE VERY

43:42 - PASSIONATE AMATEUR

43:44 - HISTORIANS THAT MAY HAVE

43:45 - ANY NUMBER OF DAY JOBS.

43:49 - THEIR PASSION, THEIR DEEP HOBBY

43:51 - IS THE PRESENTATION OF

43:52 - HISTORY FOR THE PUBLIC.

43:53 - IT´S A VERY ACCESSIBLE THING.

43:56 - WE HAVE SCAVENGER HUNTS THAT

43:58 - INVITE STUDENTS TO PARTICIPATE

44:00 - BY INITIATING CONVERSATIONS

44:02 - WITH THE PARTICIPANTS.

44:03 - OVER THE COURSE OF THE FOUR

44:05 - BATTLES, THE AMERICANS REPULSE

44:07 - THE BRITISH THREE TIMES BUT THE

44:09 - BRITISH ULTIMATELY

44:10 - WIN IN THE END.

44:10 - IF THERE´S A GREATER LEGACY

44:12 - OF THIS BATTLE, WHAT DO YOU

44:13 - THINK IT SHOULD BE?

44:14 - THE LEGACY OF FORT MIFFLIN IS

44:17 - THAT IT´S ONE OF THE EARLY

44:19 - EXAMPLES OF AMERICAN PATRIOTISM

44:22 - AND RESILIENCE OR WHAT A

44:24 - PROFESSOR IS FOND OF SAYING, A

44:29 - LEGACY OF HEROISM THAT´S PASSED

44:31 - DOWN FROM ONE

44:32 - GENERATION TO THE NEXT.

44:33 - ONE OF THE THINGS IT I WAS

44:34 - THINKING ABOUT IS THAT

44:36 - PHILADELPHIA WAS UNDERGOING

44:38 - THIS BOMBARDMENT AND THIS GREAT

44:40 - BATTLE THAT WAS OCCURRING AMONG

44:42 - THE HOUSEHOLDS OF PHILADELPHIA,

44:44 - THAT THIS WAS SOMETHING THAT

44:46 - THEY COULDN´T HELP BUT

44:47 - HEAR AND WITNESS AND SEE.

44:48 - AT TIMES SUFFER FROM.

44:50 - IF ANYONE WANTS TO SEE A POINT

44:51 - OF WHAT THAT WAS LIKE, THEY JUST

44:53 - HAVE TO WATCH THE 6:30 NEWS AND

44:56 - THE BOMBARDMENTS OF DAMASCUS AND

44:58 - OTHER CITIES AND

44:59 - SAY THAT WAS HERE.

45:01 - ON THAT NOTE, I WOULD LIKE TO

45:02 - THANK MY GUESTS FOR BEING HERE

45:03 - TODAY.

45:05 - AS ALWAYS, IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS

45:08 - ABOUT TODAY´S EPISODE OR

45:10 - RECOMMENDATIONS, VISIT OUR

45:13 - WEBSITE AT PCNTV.COM.

45:16 - FOR EVERYONE HERE AT

45:16 - BATTLEFIELD PENNSYLVANIA.

45:17 - I'M BRADY CRYTZER

45:17 - SAYING SO LONG.